https://opencommons.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Jskopek 2026-05-15T17:07:56Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.8 https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=The_2024_World_Sustainable_Built_Environment_Conference_(WSBE24)&diff=14796 2024-02-18T16:48:09Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Event<br /> |Image=Long+Logo.png<br /> |Title=The 2024 World Sustainable Built Environment Conference (WSBE24)<br /> |Description=WSBE24 will continue to be one of the world’s premier scientific and technical conferences that bring together leading experts and the latest knowledge and research to support sustainable built environments. With the scale and urgency of the sustainability challenge, more than ever, WSBE24 is committed to collaborate and partner with key stakeholders of the built environment value chain across the world – local, regional and global.<br /> |Start Date=2024-06-12<br /> |End Date=2024-06-14<br /> |Location=virtual<br /> |Website=https://www.wsbe24.org/<br /> |Virtual Access=yes<br /> }}<br /> The SBE Partners and Permanent Co-hosts – consisting of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the International Council of Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) – have taken over the organisation and running of WSBE24</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=The_2024_World_Sustainable_Built_Environment_Conference_(WSBE24)&diff=14795 2024-02-18T16:47:34Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Event<br /> |Image=Long+Logo.png<br /> |Title=The 2024 World Sustainable Built Environment Conference (WSBE24)<br /> |Description=WSBE24 will continue to be one of the world’s premier scientific and technical conferences that bring together leading experts and the latest knowledge and research to support sustainable built environments. With the scale and urgency of the sustainability challenge, more than ever, WSBE24 is committed to collaborate and partner with key stakeholders of the built environment value chain across the world – local, regional and global.<br /> |Start Date=2024-06-12<br /> |End Date=2024-06-14<br /> |Location=virtual<br /> |Website=https://www.wsbe24.org/<br /> |Virtual Access=No<br /> }}<br /> The SBE Partners and Permanent Co-hosts – consisting of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the International Council of Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) – have taken over the organisation and running of WSBE24</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=The_2024_World_Sustainable_Built_Environment_Conference_(WSBE24)&diff=14794 2024-02-18T16:45:24Z

<p>Jskopek: Created page with &quot;{{Event |Image=Long+Logo.png |Title=The 2024 World Sustainable Built Environment Conference (WSBE24) |Description=WSBE24 will continue to be one of the world’s premier scientific and technical conferences that bring together leading experts and the latest knowledge and research to support sustainable built environments. With the scale and urgency of the sustainability challenge, more than ever, WSBE24 is committed to collaborate and partner with key stakeholders of the...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>{{Event<br /> |Image=Long+Logo.png<br /> |Title=The 2024 World Sustainable Built Environment Conference (WSBE24)<br /> |Description=WSBE24 will continue to be one of the world’s premier scientific and technical conferences that bring together leading experts and the latest knowledge and research to support sustainable built environments. With the scale and urgency of the sustainability challenge, more than ever, WSBE24 is committed to collaborate and partner with key stakeholders of the built environment value chain across the world – local, regional and global.<br /> |Start Date=2024-06-12<br /> |End Date=2024-06-14<br /> |Location=virtual<br /> |Website=https://www.wsbe24.org/<br /> |Virtual Access=No<br /> }}</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=File:Long%2BLogo.png&diff=14793 2024-02-18T16:43:50Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Jiri_Skopek&diff=14684 2024-02-09T17:02:55Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Person<br /> |portrait=JiriSkopek.jpeg<br /> |firstname=Jiri<br /> |lastname=Skopek<br /> |company=Jiri Skopek Architects<br /> |position=Architect &amp; Smart City Planner<br /> |location=Toronto<br /> |country=Canada<br /> |skill=green and smart buildings, sustainability, smart cities<br /> |active=Yes<br /> |resume=JS biography 2023 + Smart Building Experience.docx<br /> |sector=Buildings, Smart Region, Transportation, Utility, Wellbeing, Resilience, Energy, Waste, Water, Smart Buildings<br /> |linkedin=https://ca.linkedin.com/in/jiri-skopek-566b0320<br /> }}</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=File:JS_biography_2023_%2B_Smart_Building_Experience.docx&diff=14683 2024-02-09T17:00:14Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)&diff=14210 2023-11-23T15:42:48Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Grid connected Buildings.jpeg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |summary=This section explores why the buildings need to be efficient, responsive, and able to interact with the electrical grid in a way that benefits both the building owner and the grid as a whole and what KPIs can be used to measure the effectiveness of the grid-connected buildings.<br /> |imagecaption=Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> The respective parts of the document consist of the following:<br /> * The [[#Benefits of Grid-Connected Responsive Buildings|Benefits of Grid-Connected Responsive Buildings]] section identifies the community benefits<br /> * The GCEB describes the various features and technologies addressed in detail in the Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings Infrastructure section.<br /> * The KPI section identifies the criteria by which the performance of the GECB can be measured.<br /> * Finally Case studies section provides examples of the GECB implementation.<br /> <br /> ==Benefits of Grid-Connected Responsive Buildings==<br /> The need for rapid decarbonization, feasible primarily through electrification, calls for grid-connected buildings. The potential benefits of grid-connected responsive buildings are :<br /> * '''Reduced peak demand''': By shifting energy consumption to off-peak hours, grid-connected responsive buildings can help reduce peak demand on the electrical grid. This can help avoid power outages and prevent the need for new power plants to be built.<br /> * '''Improved grid reliability''': Grid-connected responsive buildings can help make the grid more resilient and reliable. For example, they can provide backup power to the grid during periods of high demand or when there is a power outage.<br /> * '''Increased use of renewable energy''': Grid-connected responsive buildings can help increase the use of renewable energy by optimizing energy usage when renewable energy sources are available.<br /> * '''Energy savings''': Grid-connected responsive buildings can use real-time data and communication with the grid to optimize their energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions. For example, they can shift energy usage to off-peak hours when electricity is cheaper or reduce energy consumption during periods of high demand.<br /> * '''Cost savings''': By optimizing energy usage and reducing peak demand, grid-connected responsive buildings can save money on energy bills. They may also be eligible for incentives or rebates from utilities for participating in grid programs.<br /> Overall, grid-connected responsive buildings can help create a more sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective electrical grid, as well as provide greater resiliency and adaptability in the face of increasing disasters. An introduction of AI systems now expands the operational capabilities and even suggests the possibility of fully autonomously operated buildings connecting with and responding to the signals from the grid.<br /> <br /> ==What are Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings== <br /> Grid-Interactive, Efficient, and Connected Buildings (referred to as GECB) are designed to optimize energy efficiency, interact with the electrical grid, and leverage smart technologies to enhance performance and sustainability. These buildings incorporate various features and technologies to reduce energy consumption, maximize the use of renewable energy sources, and enable two-way communication with the grid.&lt;ref&gt;DOE “A National Roadmap for Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings” May 17,2021 https://gebroadmap.lbl.gov/A%20National%20Roadmap%20for%20GEBs%20-%20Final.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> Buildings consume a lot of electricity, and more importantly, building energy use drives a comparable share of peak power demand. The electricity demand from buildings results from various electrical loads that serve the occupants’ needs. However, many of these loads are flexible to some degree. With proper communications and controls, loads can be managed to draw electricity at specific times and different levels while still meeting occupant productivity and comfort requirements.&lt;ref&gt;DOE “Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings” Project Summary, July 2020 DOE www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2020/09/f79/bto-geb-project-summary-093020.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> At the same time, with the increase of on-site renewable and both stationary and mobile energy storage systems, the buildings can be, for some period of time, entirely grid independent or connected to a localized microgrid. Here are some key aspects of GECB:<br /> # ''Grid Interactivity'': GECB are designed to interact with the electrical grid dynamically and intelligently. They can adjust their energy usage based on grid conditions, pricing signals, and demand-response programs. By participating in demand-side management, these buildings can help stabilize the grid and reduce the need for additional power generation during peak periods.<br /> # ''Renewable Energy Integration'': GECB promotes integrating renewable energy sources such as solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems. These buildings can generate their own electricity on-site and even feed excess energy back into the grid.<br /> # ''Energy Storage and Management'': GECB often incorporates energy storage systems such as batteries. These storage systems allow buildings to store excess energy for later use, especially from intermittent renewable sources. The stored energy can be utilized during periods of high demand or low renewable energy generation.<br /> # ''Smart Building Management Systems'': GECB utilizes advanced building management systems that integrate sensors, automation, and data analytics. These systems monitor and control various building parameters, including temperature, lighting, occupancy, and energy consumption. They optimize building operations and enable real-time energy efficiency and occupant comfort adjustments.<br /> # ''Electric Vehicle Integration'': GECB may include infrastructure to support electric vehicle (EV) charging. This facilitates the adoption of electric transportation by providing convenient and efficient charging options within the building premises.<br /> # ''Microgrid integration'': GECB may be integrated in a microgrid as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources with defined electrical boundaries, which form a local electric power system able to operate in either grid-connected or island mode.<br /> # ''Occupant Comfort and Well-being'': GECB aim to provide enhanced comfort and well-being for occupants. They may incorporate features such as natural daylighting, indoor air quality monitoring, efficient ventilation, and occupant-responsive controls.<br /> # ''Energy Efficiency'': GECB prioritize energy efficiency through efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, LED lighting, optimized building designs and advanced glazing and insulation. They aim to minimize energy wastage and reduce the overall demand for energy.<br /> # ''Data Monitoring and Analysis'': GECB generate vast amounts of data regarding energy consumption, grid interaction, and building performance. This data can be analyzed to identify further energy-saving opportunities, optimize operations, and inform future design and retrofitting decisions.<br /> <br /> Integrating grid interactivity, energy efficiency, and connectivity in buildings helps create a more sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. GECB play a vital role in supporting a clean energy transition and addressing the challenges of climate change and energy management.<br /> <br /> ASHRAE “[https://www.ashrae.org/about/news/2023/ashrae-releases-guide-on-the-role-of-grid-interactivity-in-decarbonization#The%20Grid-Interactive%20Buildings%20for%20Decarbonization:%20Design%20and%20Operation%20Resource%20Guide” The Grid-Interactive Buildings for Decarbonization: Design and Operation Resource Guide”] provides information on maximizing carbon reduction through buildings' interaction with the electric power grid. The guide offers best practices, design considerations and operational guidelines to target the three primary value streams of grid integration: Reduced Carbon Emissions, Cost Savings and Resiliency.<br /> <br /> ==The Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings KPI’s==<br /> How do we evaluate the effectiveness of the Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings? The key KPI’s for the GECB are:<br /> <br /> * '''Reduced Peak Demand.''' (RPD %) is a key performance indicator (KPI) used to measure the effectiveness of energy management strategies in reducing the peak electricity demand of a building. It represents the amount by which the peak demand is reduced compared to the baseline or reference peak demand.<br /> The RPD KPI is typically expressed as a percentage and calculated using the following formula:<br /> ''RPD (%) = [(Baseline Peak Demand - Actual Peak Demand) / Baseline Peak Demand] * 100''<br /> Here, the Baseline Peak Demand refers to the maximum electricity demand that would have occurred without implementing any energy management measures. The Actual Peak Demand is the maximum measured demand after implementing the energy-saving strategies.<br /> A higher RPD percentage indicates a more significant reduction in peak demand, which can have several benefits, such as:<br /> # ''Cost savings'': By reducing peak demand, organizations can avoid or reduce peak demand charges imposed by utilities, resulting in cost savings on electricity bills.<br /> # ''Grid stability'': Lowering peak demand helps alleviate strain on the electrical grid during times of high demand, reducing the risk of blackouts or brownouts.<br /> # ''Environmental impact'': Peak demand reduction can contribute to a more sustainable energy system by reducing the need for additional power generation capacity, which often relies on fossil fuels.<br /> To track the RPD KPI, organizations typically monitor and analyze their energy consumption patterns, implement energy-efficient technologies, demand response strategies, load-shifting techniques, and other measures to reduce peak demand. Regular monitoring and analysis of energy data are crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of implemented strategies and identifying areas for further improvement.<br /> * '''Improved grid reliability''' can be measured through various key performance indicators (KPIs) that assess the quality and stability of the power supply. Here are some commonly used KPIs for evaluating grid reliability improvements:<br /> # ''System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)'': SAIDI measures the '''average duration of power outages per customer'''. It indicates the average time in minutes that a customer experiences an interruption within a specified period, such as a year. A lower SAIDI value indicates improved reliability.<br /> # ''System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)'': SAIFI measures the '''average number of interruptions per customer''' within a specified period, typically a year. It represents the frequency of power outages per customer. A lower SAIFI value indicates improved reliability.<br /> # ''Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI):'' CAIDI calculates the average '''duration of power outages for customers''' who experience interruptions. It is obtained by dividing SAIDI by SAIFI. A lower CAIDI value indicates quicker restoration and improved reliability. <br /> # ''Momentary Interruption Frequency Index (MIFI)'': MIFI measures the '''number of momentary interruptions or voltage dips per customer within a specified period'''. These are brief disturbances in power supply that last for a short duration. A lower MIFI value indicates improved reliability.<br /> # ''Frequency and Duration of Voltage Deviations'': This KPI assesses the '''frequency and duration of voltage variations or deviations''' from the standard power supply levels. It includes over- and under-voltages, which can affect the performance and longevity of electrical devices.<br /> # ''Circuit Breaker Failure Rate'': This KPI measures the '''failure rate of circuit breakers''' or protective devices responsible for isolating faulty sections and preventing widespread outages. A lower failure rate indicates improved reliability.<br /> # ''Power Quality Events'': Power quality events refer to disturbances like voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and flickers. Power quality events are typically measured using specialized instruments known as power quality analyzers or power quality meters. Monitoring the frequency and severity of these events provides insights into the stability and reliability of the grid.<br /> # ''Customer Satisfaction Index'': While not directly related to the technical aspects, '''customer satisfaction''' is an important measure of grid reliability. Surveys and feedback from customers can provide valuable insights into their perception of reliability and overall satisfaction with the power supply.<br /> <br /> These KPIs can vary depending on the specific needs and regulations of a particular grid or utility company. Monitoring and improving these indicators help utilities identify areas for enhancement, plan maintenance activities, and prioritize investments to ensure a reliable power supply to customers.<br /> <br /> Using the holistic H-KPI framework,&lt;ref&gt;Smart Cities and Communities: A Key Performance Indicators Framework https://www.nist.gov/publications/smart-cities-and-communities-key-performance-indicators-framework&lt;/ref&gt; provides a more comprehensive view, enables aggregation and normalization of Grid-Interactive, Efficient, and Connected Buildings (GECB) indicators, and allows better quantification and comparison of different types of buildings, The H-KPIs use three levels: Level 1- technology, Level 2- infrastructure and level 3 – benefits.<br /> The interaction across the three levels of analysis is a central component of the H-KPI methodology. For example, sensors deployed at Level 1 inform the grid-connected building infrastructures at Level 2. The benefits of deploying the GECB are then manifested at level 3.<br /> <br /> &lt;imagemap&gt;<br /> File:Connected Buildings.png|thumb|1000px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Figure 1: Relationship of the three H-KPI levels of the Grid-Interactive, Efficient, and Connected Buildings ( In the web version clicking on the particular component of the diagram will take you to the relevant text section)'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> rect 57 50 389 192 [[#Demand Reduction|Reduced peak demand]]<br /> rect 418 50 750 192 [[#Level 3 Community Benefits|Benefits of Grid-Connected Responsive Buildings]]<br /> rect 786 50 1120 192 [[#Regeneration Net Zero|NZEB RES Targets and Climate Response KPIs]]<br /> rect 80 330 1595 410 [[Smart Building Benefits|Benefits of Grid-Connected Responsive Buildings]]<br /> rect 540 550 900 695 [[Connected Building|What are Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings]]<br /> rect 955 550 1250 750 [[Microgrid Storage System|Microgrid Storage System]]<br /> rect 1290 550 1650 640 [[Renewables|NZEB RES Targets and Climate Response KPIs]]<br /> rect 580 830 1600 900 [[Smart Building IoT Infrastructure|Smart Building IoT Infrastructure]]<br /> &lt;/imagemap&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings Infrastructure==<br /> ===Utilities===<br /> It is not just cities and buildings that are embracing Smart Technology to improve the services they provide; utility companies across the globe are also taking advantage of innovative technology solutions to provide better uninterrupted electrical supply networks. They are enhancing resiliency with a new generation of distributed energy resources – energy storage, micro-CHP, and even Non-Wire Induction Alternatives. This section will highlight recommended focus areas for utility companies that want to aid municipalities in becoming smarter.<br /> <br /> At the basic level, electric utility companies can implement demand response programs where consumers are able to reduce or shift electrical usage during peak periods. Time-based rates and even financial incentives may reduce building owners' costs. Advanced smart meters can easily be installed and monitored along with facility generation equipment to reduce or eliminate the potential for downtime.<br /> <br /> Different utilities may have different attitudes toward embracing grid-connected buildings. However, several factors may influence a utility's willingness to adopt connected building technology:<br /> # ''Cost'': The upfront cost of implementing connected building technology can be high, and some utilities may hesitate to invest in new infrastructure without a clear return on investment.<br /> # ''Complexity'': Connected building technology can be complex and may require significant changes to existing systems and processes. Utilities may be reluctant to take on this level of complexity without clear benefits.<br /> # ''Regulatory issues'': Regulations governing energy usage and data privacy can be complex and may vary by jurisdiction. Utilities may be hesitant to adopt connected building technology if they are uncertain about the regulatory landscape.<br /> # ''Data management'': Connected building technology generates large amounts of data, which can be difficult to manage and analyze. Utilities may be hesitant to adopt this technology if they are unsure how to effectively use and interpret the data.<br /> <br /> That being said, many utilities are starting to embrace grid-connected building technology as a way to improve energy efficiency, reduce costs, and provide better services to their customers. As the technology continues to evolve and become more accessible, it is likely that more and more utilities will adopt grid-connected building technology.<br /> <br /> ===Demand Dispatch and Smart Grids===<br /> In today’s traditional “supply dispatch” model, load and generation are balanced by equating load to consumer demand and dispatching power produced at central energy-generating plants to satisfy that demand. The “demand dispatch” model builds upon the supply dispatch approach by adding the support of “behind the meter” resources. Creating energy through onsite (renewable) generation is therefore important, but providing an electricity supply that saves on expanding new centralized power generation (plants) is equally important. Moreover, because renewable energy input can make power supply less predictable, it is increasingly important to find a way to balance power in the grid rapidly. Demand dispatch makes this possible by allowing for direct control of customer loads. Demand dispatch considers what load adjustments can be made before generation and whether those load adjustments improve grid optimization and are consistently dispatched as needed. Demand Dispatch can therefore help enhance reliability, peak load management, and energy efficiency, lowering the price of electricity.&lt;ref&gt;US DoE: Demand Dispatch—Intelligent Demand for a More Efficient Grid https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/Smartgrid/DemandDispatch_08112011.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The demand dispatch approach to electricity supply requires [[Smart Grid]]s and buildings capable of optimizing grid operations. Smart devices installed in buildings that directly interface with occupants and their demand for energy services are thus highly important. The relevant technologies in buildings, which enable demand dispatch, will be more obvious to occupants since they will change, to a certain extent, the perception of what to expect with an uninterrupted supply of electricity available at any moment.<br /> <br /> As such, demand dispatch will require some form of behavioural adjustment by the consumers of electricity as expectations are shifted from supply dispatch to demand dispatch. For example, under the present supply dispatch approach, if a customer wants to start high-power demand appliances inside their home, such as a clothes dryer, it is expected that the machine will start as soon as they press the “on” button. Under the demand dispatch approach, however, if a customer pushes the “on” button, nothing would happen if there is no power capacity available to power their machine. Instead of the dryer starting immediately, their request for power would be put into an online demand queue. Then when the power can be allocated to them, the dryer would start.<br /> <br /> Interconnected power-consuming equipment in our homes will have to play a significant role in supporting the transition to a demand dispatch model. Buildings that utilize smart technology will be integral in this process as well.<br /> <br /> ===Smart Grids===<br /> How energy is generated and distributed significantly impacts how cities and municipalities can operate and the costs associated with their operation. With recent developments in grid technology, there are increasingly more ways in which utility companies and municipalities can improve a community’s ability to receive power and increase energy savings.<br /> [[Smart Grid]] refers to the capability of bidirectional information flow between the utility company infrastructure and the end user equipment. [[Smart Grid]]s allow utility companies to manage their systems better, prepare for peak energy events, more quickly identify outage information, and help customers adjust their energy usage. Many advanced, effective metering and monitoring technologies are now available to building operators and/or utility companies.<br /> <br /> Communication networks monitoring substation operations have made it possible to monitor critical infrastructure continually (and remotely), and now utility companies can provide alerts in a fraction of the time they have been able to in the past. Global Positioning System (GPS) combines network monitoring information with asset location information to pinpoint deficiencies in these systems and direct operations in real time. These operations are not limited to utility companies. Critical infrastructure within municipal buildings and campuses can be monitored in the same way. Building generation, backup fuel supply, Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) operations are all standard devices that can and should be monitored to improve efficiencies, help reduce energy costs, and lower overall operation downtime. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) are two technological solutions.<br /> <br /> Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) technology exists in millions of smart meters. These meters provide utility companies and customers with energy usage data that they can tie into their energy management systems and use to assist with budgeting. Building operators can shift their high energy usage operations to off-peak hours and, in many cases, take advantage of off-peak pricing to reduce costs.<br /> <br /> Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) technology allows meters to be read with up to 100% accuracy without customer intervention. Rather than having utility companies enter a home or business to read meters, the job can now be completed remotely via wireless networks deployed throughout communities. AMI is also being leveraged for behavioral programs that engage customers and personalize their energy utilization. With today’s “smart” speaker devices, AMI is opening up a new way for customers to control and automate their homes with connected lighting and occupancy-based controls. [[Smart Grid]] technology may also facilitate individualized control of energy use and distribution through transactive energy.<br /> <br /> ===Real-time Monitoring and Supervision KPIs:===<br /> Following are some of the KPIs which can be used to evaluate the efficiency of real-time monitoring systems:<br /> ''Absolute Grid Support Coefficient (-)'': Evaluate the grid impact of a building or its heating system.<br /> ''Building Operational Performance (%)'': Illustrates the performance of the building by relating the energy consumption, emissions, and geometrical information.<br /> ''Reduction of energy price by ICT-related technologies (%)'': Measures the price of the energy traded by an aggregator, both with baseline and after ICT implementation.<br /> ''Increased reliability (%) Grid Interaction Index (%)'': Describes the average grid stress, using the standard deviation of the grid interaction over a period of a year<br /> <br /> ===Transactive Grid===<br /> The main difference between a [[Smart Grid]] and a transactive grid lies in their primary objectives and focus areas. While a [[Smart Grid]] primarily focuses on optimizing grid infrastructure and improving operational efficiency, a transactive grid emphasizes decentralized energy transactions and empowering consumers to actively participate in the energy market.<br /> <br /> Some consider Transactive Grid to be the future of grid operations. Transactive energy is defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as “a system of economic and control mechanisms that allows the dynamic balance of supply and demand across the entire electrical infrastructure using value as a key operational parameter.” To enable Transactive Grid, Utilities are developing Distributed Energy Platforms (DSP), that provide location-based grid services compensation for distributed energy resources and dynamic demand management. Such platforms utilize “blockchain technology” &lt;ref&gt;Blockchain Technology Overview, NISTIR 8202 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2018/NIST.IR.8202.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; to manage transactions on the sale and purchase of energy resources.<br /> Distributed Energy Platforms (DSP), also known as a Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) or Distributed Energy Management System (DEMS), is a technological framework that enables the integration and management of various Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) within an electric power system. A Distributed Energy Resource (DER) refers to any small-scale, decentralized power generation or storage device, such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage systems (batteries), or electric vehicles (EVs). These resources are typically located close to the point of consumption or within distribution networks.<br /> <br /> A Distributed Energy Platform acts as a central management system that allows for the coordination and optimization of these Distributed Energy Resources. It provides a suite of software applications, communication protocols, and control mechanisms to monitor, control, and optimize the operation of DERs in real-time. The key functions of a Distributed Energy Platform include:<br /> <br /> # ''Aggregation:'' It enables the aggregation of multiple DERs, irrespective of their location or type, into a virtual power plant (VPP) or a unified energy portfolio. <br /> # ''Control and Optimization:'' It facilitates the monitoring and control of DERs, allowing for real-time adjustments to their generation, consumption, or storage based on grid conditions, energy demand, and market signals. Optimization algorithms help maximize the efficiency and economic benefits of DER operations. <br /> # ''Grid Integration:'' It ensures seamless integration of DERs with the larger electric grid by managing the flow of electricity, voltage regulation, and maintaining grid stability.<br /> # ''Demand Response:'' It enables demand response programs by dynamically adjusting electricity consumption or generation from DERs in response to price signals or grid conditions.<br /> # ''Energy Market Participation:'' It allows DERs to participate in energy markets, such as wholesale electricity markets or local energy trading platforms, by providing bidirectional communication and data exchange capabilities. It would allow customers to market energy generated to other customers on the distribution system. This would reduce power and optimize consumption and service level impacts by allowing for automatic and more rapid adjustment of building services (e.g. cooling, heating, lighting, etc.).<br /> # ''Data Management and Analytics:'' It collects and analyzes data from DERs to provide insights into energy consumption patterns, performance monitoring, predictive maintenance, and forecasting.<br /> <br /> By leveraging a Distributed Energy Platform, utilities, grid operators, and energy service providers can efficiently manage and optimize the increasingly complex and diverse mix of DERs. It supports the integration of renewable energy sources, enhances grid reliability, enables demand flexibility, and facilitates the transition to a more decentralized and sustainable energy system.<br /> <br /> Transactive energy support DER systems and buildings with active control technologies, even those connected to a microgrid. That said, significant challenges arise with greater interoperability. Because transactive energy creates an environment that fosters distributed, decentralized energy nodes controlled by a vast number of people on the demand side, a significantly more complex network of controls is created. Regulating and maintaining such a complex network can prove to be a difficult task.<br /> <br /> Regardless of the challenges, the [https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/transactive-systems-program/pacific-northwest-smart-grid-demonstration Pacific Northwest [[Smart Grid]] Demonstration Project] provides a great example of the possible benefits of [[Smart Grid]]s and transactive energy in practice. The project deployed 55 technologies in various communities across the Pacific Northwest, testing solutions including smart meters, battery storage, voltage controls, and transactive controls. In one study area, a utility company used transactive signals representing the current and near-future availability and predicted power price. They updated and sent the transactive signals out every five minutes. The project’s [[Smart Grid]] technologies were designed so that power use would decline when transactive signals predicted peak power demand and high costs. When the project team ran models simulating extreme events, such as a surge in wind energy and a nuclear power plant outage, the transactive controls worked accordingly. Their study shows that transactive energy provides viable electricity supply solutions during critical times and can lower energy costs. It also empowers end users by giving them an active role in their power usage.&lt;ref&gt;Smart stuff: IQ of Northwest power grid raised, energy saved https://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=4210&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other examples of a Distributed Energy Platforms (DEP) in the USA and Canada are the Advanced Energy Management Platform (AEMP) developed by Enbala ([https://www.generacgs.com/ now Generac]) and Transactive Energy App developed by [http://iemssolution.com/software/ IEMS]. The AEMP is a cloud-based software platform that enables the aggregation and orchestration of distributed energy resources (DERs) for grid optimization and demand response purposes. IEMS platform, supported by LG Nova, simulates and optimize the distribution network based on the predicted PV and Load profiles for any location and feeder capacity size in North America.<br /> <br /> ===Microgrid – Public, Private===<br /> In cities across the country, various groups are undertaking Community Microgrid projects. A Community Microgrid uses localized distributed energy resources (DER), such as renewable energy, to power a local grid area of up to several thousand consumers. Microgrids are of interest to many communities because they can provide critical facilities with electrical power during widespread outages, brownouts, blackouts, or substation failures. Additionally, Community Microgrids can participate in demand response events to assist utility companies with maintaining service levels. There are, however, challenges associated with Microgrids because there is potential for back-feeding into a spot network (with no direct ties to the street grid). Uncertainty in supply and the ability to store excess energy, especially in relation to weather unpredictability, can also challenge the efficacy of Community Microgrid operations.<br /> <br /> ===Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Systems (RES)===<br /> Solar and wind energy systems are fast-growing means to offset or reduce electric loads. However, these systems need to be monitored to ensure that operations return investments for their owners. Net Metering and Remote Net Metering results should be reviewed in order to understand the benefits of a renewable energy system. Numerous companies in the market can provide guidance in this area. Live data can be sent to cloud-based systems where vendors can review it and provide recommendations to help reduce operating and utility costs.<br /> <br /> ===NZEB RES Targets and Climate Response KPIs:===<br /> Following are some of the KPIs which can be used to evaluate meeting the RES targets and climate response:<br /> <br /> ''Degree of Energetic Self-Supply by RES (%)'' The ratio of locally produced energy from RES and consumption over a time period.<br /> <br /> ''Increased RES and Distributed Energy Resources hosting capacity (%):'' The additional RES and energy resources that can be installed in the network when new interventions are applied and compared to the BAU scenario.<br /> <br /> ''Load Cover Factor (%)'': The percentage of electrical demand covered by on-site electric generation.<br /> <br /> ===Energy Storage systems===<br /> Utilities, municipalities, and operators of smart buildings need to consider the best (and smartest) way to provide energy to citizens. Renewable energy is crucial in providing energy services to power buildings and their smart technologies. Batteries and thermal energy solutions can help offset the limitations of renewable energy sources. They should be considered in critical facilities where the potential exists for brownouts or blackouts because they can assure constant voltage to mission-critical devices.<br /> <br /> ===Building as a Battery===<br /> Batteries have been used in communication networks for years. Technology today affords opportunities for incorporation into even the average facility that requires continuous, uninterrupted service. They can be installed in buildings to maintain lighting, data centers and/or other critical systems. The demand for more efficient batteries for electric vehicles is improving the storage capabilities of batteries and reducing their size. These systems can also be integrated with renewable energy sources, such as solar power, to provide constant electricity during peak load periods.<br /> The deployment of electric cars may enable car batteries to power buildings through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. This system allows electric vehicles (EVs) to communicate and interact with the power grid in order to sell demand response services by returning electricity to the grid or by throttling their charging rate. This means that when an electric vehicle is plugged into a charging station, it could either be charging its battery or sending energy back to the grid or building. This could help to provide a more stable and efficient energy grid, especially in times of high demand or during power outages, as electric cars can be seen as a distributed network of energy storage units that can be used to balance the load.<br /> <br /> ===Thermal Energy Storage===<br /> An Integrated Thermal Energy Storage System (ITESS) using chilled water can provide additional sub-cooling for an air conditioning system’s condenser, thereby increasing the entire system's capacity and significantly reducing electric demand and consumption. ITESS uses a dedicated chiller to cool a thermal storage tank, typically at night when electricity demand and rates are lower. This thermal reservoir is used the following day to sub-cool the refrigerant leaving the condenser. This additional cooling increases the cooling capacity and decreases electrical demand during hot days for an existing or new vapor compression system.&lt;ref&gt;NYSERDA: Integrated Thermal Energy Storage for Cooling Applications https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Project/Nyserda/Files/Publications/Research/Other-Technical-Reports/17-17-Integrated-Thermal-Energy-Storage-for-Cooling-Applications.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another approach to both thermal and regeneration of electrical power is [https://www.solarpaces.org/nrel-results-support-cheap-long-duration-energy-storage-in-hot-sand/ NREL’s ENDURING project], which aims to store thermal energy for up to four days, cycle for 30 years or more, and cost no more than 2.5 cents per kWh. To keep costs low for standalone thermal storage, NREL designed a system repurposing existing turbines and grain silo technology. The ENDURING met the challenge of demonstrating that it can store and release power from a 26,000 MWh particle-based thermal energy storage system via a 130 MW electric generation system for up to four days; 100 hours. The system is scalable to supply power for local communities or regional utility grids.<br /> <br /> ===Energy Storage Response KPIs:===<br /> Energy storage can be evaluated by following KPI:<br /> ''Storage Efficiency (%)'': The ratio between discharged and charged energy, typically over a full cycle.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies==<br /> <br /> Several utilities around the world are starting to embrace grid-connected building technologies as a way to improve energy efficiency, reduce costs, and provide better services to their customers. Some examples of utilities that are embracing connected building technologies include:<br /> # '''Enel:''' Enel&lt;ref&gt;Grid Futurability® for a Net-Zero World https://www.climateaction.org/events/digital/grid-futurability-for-a-net-zero-world&lt;/ref&gt; is an Italian utility that has implemented a program called Open Meter, which uses connected building technology to monitor energy usage in real-time and provide customers with insights into how they can reduce their energy consumption. The program has been successful in reducing energy usage and lowering costs for both Enel and its customers. <br /> # ''' Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)''': TEPCO&lt;ref&gt;TEPCO: A quiet emergence of Smart-Grid in Japan (Digitization) https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/tepco-a-quiet-emergence-of-smart-grid-in-japan-digitization/ &lt;/ref&gt; is a Japanese utility that has implemented a program called Smart House, which uses connected building technology to monitor energy usage and control home appliances remotely. The program has been successful in reducing energy usage and improving the reliability of the power grid. <br /> # '''Ausgrid''': Ausgrid&lt;ref&gt;Ausgrid: Solar and Lighting Incentive Project https://www.ausgrid.com.au/Industry/Demand-Management/Power2U-Progam/Solar-and-Lighting-Upgrades and https://arena.gov.au/projects/ausgrid-power2u/&lt;/ref&gt; is an Australian utility that has implemented a program called Power2U, which uses connected building technology to monitor energy usage and provide customers with insights into how they can reduce their energy consumption. The program has been successful in reducing energy usage and lowering costs for both Ausgrid and its customers. <br /> # '''Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&amp;E)''': PG&amp;E is one of the largest utilities in the United States and has implemented a program called SmartRate, which offers customers discounted rates for using energy during off-peak hours. The program uses connected building technology to monitor energy usage in real-time and provide customers with insights into how they can reduce their energy consumption. <br /> <br /> The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) awarded $61 million from its Connected Communities funding opportunity announcement for 10 projects that will demonstrate how energy-efficient and grid-interactive technologies can transform homes and workplaces into connected communities.&lt;ref&gt;DOE “Meet DOE’s Newest Connected Communities of Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings” https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/meet-does-newest-connected-communities-grid-interactive-efficient-buildings&lt;/ref&gt; The Connected Communities funding opportunity is led by DOE’s [https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-technologies-office Building Technologies Office] in collaboration with the [https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office Solar Energy Technologies Office], the [https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office Vehicle Technologies Office], the [https://www.energy.gov/oe/office-electricity Office of Electricity], and [https://buildings.lbl.gov/ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]. <br /> The selected communities were: <br /> '''IBACOS Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 3.8 MW of flexible load to serve grid needs<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: Estimated 20% savings compared to baseline energy performance<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Within Duke Energy’s North Carolina utility service area<br /> <br /> IBACOS Inc. will work with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Tierra Resource Consultants, Energy and Environmental Economics Inc., Meritage Homes, Duke Energy, Energy Hub and Elevation Home Energy Solutions to deliver 3.8 MWs of aggregated flexible load from a comprehensive mix of distributed energy resources (DERs) deployed in 1,000 residential dwellings including new and existing single-family and multifamily owner-occupied and rental properties in Duke Energy’s North Carolina service area. This project implements key energy-efficiency upgrades for existing properties and will explore the capabilities of a connected network of DER technologies to deliver flexible distributed capacity at scale. The data collected from this project, including occupant experience data, will provide real-world insight on the aggregated grid impacts across a large service area.<br /> <br /> '''Spokane Edo LLC of Seattle, Washington'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 1-2.25 MW flexible load<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: Up to 900 MW hours per year in energy savings<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Spokane, Washington<br /> <br /> Spokane Edo LLC will work with Avista Utilities, McKinstry, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Urbanova to upgrade up to 125 existing residential and commercial buildings. The team will implement energy-efficiency measures and DERs across a variety of Spokane’s residential and commercial buildings to provide up to 2.25 MW of flexible load and grid benefits. Specifically, the project will demonstrate non-wire alternatives in its retrofits, thereby avoiding major capital investments in distribution infrastructure by creating virtual power plants from existing buildings. The project recruitment will be focused on equity across all customer demographics, including highly impacted and vulnerable populations in Spokane’s Opportunity Zones.<br /> <br /> '''The Ohio State University of Columbus, Ohio'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: More than 2 MW flexible load a peak<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 35% energy reduction compared to 2017 baseline<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Columbus, Ohio<br /> <br /> Ohio State will work with ENGIE North America Inc., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the University of California – Berkeley to demonstrate novel GEB capabilities across 20 diverse campus buildings. Leveraging an existing mature connected campus, this project team will explore ancillary grid services across its university campus. The project will demonstrate a cybersecure predictive control of buildings and DERs to provide important but overlooked grid services like frequency regulation, synchronized reserve, and energy and capacity markets participation. Given the mature existing connected campus technologies, this project will have the opportunity to explore data privacy and cybersecurity plans, business models for institutional energy management, and occupant comfort across a range of building types and DER assets.<br /> <br /> '''Open Market ESCO Limited Liability Company of Boston, Massachusetts'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 1.2 MW (4 hour) to 4 MW (30 min.) building flexible load<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 30% energy reduction<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Lowell, Massachusetts<br /> <br /> Open Market ESCO LLC will work with Fraunhofer USA Inc., Cpower, Clean Energy Group, Logical Buildings, Sparhawk Group, SunRun, and Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development to implement energy-saving and flexible technologies across 2,000 homes. The project seeks to demonstrate the financeable pathways for existing affordable multifamily housing to become grid-interactive efficient buildings. This project will enroll up to 20 low-moderate apartment communities to strategically deploy and implement efficiency, demand flexibility, renewable generation, and energy storage. The project team plans to focus on energy equity and will demonstrate pathways for bringing energy savings, resilience, comfort, and environmental benefits to these underserved communities.<br /> <br /> '''Portland General Electric of Portland, Oregon'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 1.4 MW of flexible loads<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Portland, Oregon<br /> <br /> Portland General Electric of Portland, Oregon will work with Energy Trust of Oregon, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, Community Energy Project, National Energy Renewable Laboratory, and Open Systems International Inc. to retrofit more than 500 North Portland’s historically underserved neighborhoods to reduce their energy burden with numerous energy efficiency measures and connected devices that provide the grid with a range on energy services. (Award amount: $6.65M) SmartGrid Advanced Load Management &amp; Optimized Neighborhood (SALMON). This project builds on a solid foundation of Portland General Electric’s [[Smart Grid]] Testbed, to demonstrate 1.4 MW of flexible loads, reduce the energy burden of low-income residents, and explore new ways to reach historically underserved communities. The project aims to utilize various energy-efficiency measures and connected devices, including smart thermostats and water heaters, and PGE’s Advanced Distribution and DER Management Systems. Through its previous testbed success, this project team anticipates high levels of participation in and awareness of their flexible load programs, and strong community engagement and adoption.<br /> <br /> '''SunPower Corp. of San Jose, California'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 200-700 kW<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 38-57% improvement in efficiency<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Menifee, California<br /> <br /> SunPower Corp. of San Jose, California will work with KB Home, the University of California – Irvine, Schneider Electric, and Southern California Edison to develop two new home communities including more than 230 homes. This project team will develop two testbeds with state-of-the-art new residential buildings that meet DOE’s Zero Energy Ready Homes criteria. Each all-electric community will implement photovoltaic systems and home energy management systems, however the two communities will compare benefits of community level versus residential level energy storage batteries, while providing grid services to the local utility. This project may be the blueprint to follow for building new decarbonized homes of the future.<br /> <br /> '''Post Road Foundation of Oakland, California'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 1.1 - 2.5 MW for up to 3 hours<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 16% from efficiency measures<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: New Hampshire, Maine<br /> <br /> Post Road Foundation will work with New Hampshire Electric Cooperative, Efficiency Maine Trust, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and Knowledge Problem, LLC. to deploy a Transactive Energy Service System (TESS) platform that enables grid-interactive control through two-way communication between DERs and a local energy market. The project will test TESS in three rural communities in New Hampshire and Maine, each consisting of 100 to 250 single-family homes, small commercial buildings, and small industrial customers. The team expects that TESS will be able to do the following:<br /> * Facilitate more effective use of distribution systems through load flexibility, with applications such as peak load management.<br /> * Reveal the financial value of DER deployment on a distribution system.<br /> * Lower financial and engineering hurdles to beneficial electrification.<br /> <br /> '''Slipstream Group Inc. of Madison, Wisconsin'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 216 kW of flexible load<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 39% total energy savings<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Madison, Wisconsin<br /> <br /> Slipstream Group Inc., in partnership with Madison Gas and Electric, the City of Madison, Rocky Mountain Institute, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, and bluEvolution, will convert approximately 15 facilities in Madison, Wisconsin, to GEBs and add nearby electric vehicle charging. As these improvements demonstrate reliable and cost-effective efficiency and demand flexibility improvements, the project will expand to additional privately owned buildings, providing a scalable business model for utilities to install demand flexibility and energy-efficiency upgrades across multiple building sizes in the public and private sectors. The project will also deliver a GEB toolkit with integrated financing options to address opportunities in public and private buildings across multiple sizes and use cases.<br /> <br /> '''PacifiCorp doing business as Rocky Mountain Power of Salt Lake City, Utah'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: Over 8 MW flexible load<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 30% energy savings compared to typical buildings<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Herriman, Salt Lake City, and North Logan, Utah<br /> <br /> PacifiCorp of Portland, Oregon, will work with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Utah State University, Wasatch Energy Group, GIV Group, Utah Transit Authority, Packsize International, Open Systems International, and Sonnen to implement a utility-managed DER control program that integrates diverse building types with a range of flexible loads to optimize grid services and improve building energy efficiency. The team identified a diverse but representative set of buildings that range from a large suburban apartment complex, downtown complex of mixed-use retail and apartments, university laboratory and office building with a microgrid, a mass transit transportation center, manufacturing building, and residential home. These buildings are in various stages of development with some in operation, some currently under construction, and others where the team can influence the design. The buildings are all-electric and will have advanced energy-efficiency technologies with efficient heat pump-based HVAC (both central and mini-splits) and domestic hot water, adaptive building envelope, and advanced lighting achieving a minimum of 30% energy efficiency compared to the baseline of typical buildings.<br /> <br /> '''Electric Power Research Institute Inc. of Palo Alto, California'''<br /> * Scale of Demand Flexibility: 2.6 MW flexible load<br /> * Expected Energy Savings: 30% energy savings<br /> * Planned Location of Buildings: Proposed for New York City, New York; Seattle, Washington; and San Diego, California<br /> <br /> Electric Power Research Institute Inc. will work with Gas Technology Institute, Seattle City Light, Community Roots Housing, Vistar Energy, and Sentient Buildings to transform multifamily buildings in multifamily disadvantaged communities into Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings. The project team will retrofit affordable housing communities in three geographically dispersed cities – New York, Seattle, and San Diego -- with a total of over 2,000 dwellings. By implementing efficiency, flexibility, storage, and distributed generation the project team will demonstrate different decarbonization pathways, reduce energy cost burden, improve system resilience, and provide distribution and bulk grid services.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Framework_for_Enhancing_Disaster_Mitigation_and_Regeneration_of_Community_Capacity&diff=14199 2023-11-13T16:54:04Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox project<br /> |image=Morgenstadt Framework.jpg<br /> |imagecaption=Morgenstadt Framework<br /> |team-members=Green Urban Design,<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |location_city=Portland OR, Coral Gables FL, San Antonio TX<br /> |status=Concept only Stage<br /> |sector=Resilience<br /> |chapter=City Resilience<br /> |summary=Establishment of a framework that fosters collaborative efforts between diverse public, private, and academic partners to enhance disaster mitigation, community resilience and economic growth.<br /> }}___NOTOC___<br /> ==Problem Statement==<br /> The global community faces an urgent need for resilient urban development due to climate breakdown. Many communities lack the resources and structures to actively participate in decision-making tailored to their local needs. Whereas Disaster Mitigation and Community Regeneration demand a collective, multi-organizational effort to ensure economic, environmental, and community voices are well-represented, unfortunately, many communities lack the requisite resources and structures to actively participate in decision-making tailored to their local needs amidst changing circumstances.<br /> ==Background==<br /> The proposed framework builds on several effective and symbiotic methodologies to deal with rapid change and climate resiliency, such as [[Regenerative Urbanism]], [[The Natural Step]],and The Morgenstadt Framework‎&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite |Morgenstadt Framework}}&lt;/ref&gt;, supported by [[Digital Twins]].<br /> <br /> They all revolve around creating more sustainable and resilient futures and present a holistic approach to tackling the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change and urban growth.<br /> Objectives<br /> *'''Community Engagement and Resilience''': Engage communities in defining and implementing successful resilience responses, promoting showcase community models that can attract federal funding and inspire future projects.<br /> *'''Data-driven decision-making:''' Develop Holistic Performance Indicators to facilitate transformative processes for dialogue and collaboration among stakeholders and utilize digital twin technology to aggregate and analyze data, enabling informed, evidence-based decision-making for disaster resilience and urban development. <br /> *'''Holistic Perspective and Innovation:''' Embrace a holistic view of systems, emphasizing innovative solutions to address climate challenges and urban growth.<br /> ==Strategy===<br /> #'''Utilize a collaborative framework to establish “pain points”:''' with respect to resilience within a designated Community Disaster Resilience Zone: Facilitate collaborative dialogue within the community to ensure that all stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process.<br /> #'''Develop Holistic Key Performance Indicators (H-KPIs)‎&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite |Smart Cities: A Key Performance Indicators Framework}}&lt;/ref&gt;:''' Working with the community, create a comprehensive set of H-KPIs that underpin adaptation and mitigation strategies, providing a roadmap for community success.<br /> #'''Deploy Holistic Key Performance Indicators (H-KPIs):''' Employ digital twin technology to visualize vulnerabilities, H-KPIs, urban dynamics, aggregate data, and simulate scenarios, fostering data-driven decisions and stakeholder engagement.<br /> #'''Implement and test in the community testbeds''': Deploy the framework and H-KPIs in the designated Community Disaster Resilience Zone to assess their effectiveness and refine strategies accordingly.<br /> #'''Promote the Showcase Communities''': to become models of successful community-driven resilience projects, attract additional federal funding and inspire future initiatives.<br /> ==How this might apply to the Enhancing Community Disaster Mitigation and Regeneration Capacity ==<br /> The communities will need to identify potential hazards and threats, and then establish adaptation, mitigation, and recovery plans. The goal is to reduce likely impacts and ensure that key infrastructure systems continue operating, or quickly begin providing services again. The adaptive capacity, absorptive capacity, and coping capacity are essential components of disaster resilience. In particular, adaptive capacity has an important place in building disaster resilience.<br /> <br /> [https://www.fema.gov/partnerships/community-disaster-resilience-zones Community Disaster Resilience Zones] have been identified by FEMA as the most at-risk and in-need communities. These designated zones provide a geographic focus for financial and technical assistance from public, private and philanthropic agencies and organizations for the planning and implementation of resilience projects. They will have prioritized support to access federal funding and technical assistance.<br /> <br /> The development of the mitigation and adaptive strategies and the deployment of supporting technology can be enhanced by novel infrastructure and communication solutions being developed under the [https://www.eda.gov/funding/programs/regional-technology-and-innovation-hubs EDA Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs] (Tech Hubs) initiative. However, the selection of Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure (SRI) solutions would greatly benefit from a stakeholders’ consensus and support and community initiatives, and the adaptability of the community could be significantly enhanced by the implementation of the Disaster Mitigation and Regeneration Framework. The objective of the project is to facilitate community initiatives and improve resilience in those regions.<br /> <br /> ==Expected Outcomes==<br /> *'''Comprehensive Understanding''': The community and stakeholders will gain a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing resilience and sustainability through the use of H-KPIs.<br /> *'''Informed Decision Making''': Data-driven decision-making facilitated by digital twin technology will lead to more informed, effective strategies for disaster resilience and regeneration.<br /> *'''Showcase Communities''': Showcase communities will demonstrate successful, community-driven resilience projects, potentially attracting federal funding and serving as models for future initiatives.<br /> <br /> ==References==</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Jiri_Skopek&diff=14114 2023-09-23T21:41:29Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Person<br /> |portrait=JiriSkopek.jpeg<br /> |firstname=Jiri<br /> |lastname=Skopek<br /> |company=Jiri Skopek Architects<br /> |position=Architect &amp; Smart City Planner<br /> |location=Toronto<br /> |country=Canada<br /> |sector=Buildings<br /> |linkedin=https://ca.linkedin.com/in/jiri-skopek-566b0320<br /> }}</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13939 2023-08-21T15:43:35Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary=<br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Flood Control&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File: Flood Control.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Flood Control'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # '''Flood Risk Assessment''': Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy. The flood information can now be integrated in a digital twin based operating system which enables both departmental and public access to information and collaboration. https://opencommons.org/Digital_Twin:_Emergency_Communication_Services.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 1''': ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 2''': ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 3''':''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.https://opencommons.org/Advanced_Flood_Warning_and_Environmental_Awareness <br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.https://opencommons.org/StormSense<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other.https://opencommons.org/Flood_Abatement In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices.https://opencommons.org/Empowering_Ruston_City_Services_Using_Wireless_Sensor_Networks These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.https://opencommons.org/Flood_Judge<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.japan.go.jp/kizuna/2021/01/utilizing_the_citys_underground_spaces.html The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategieshttps://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rotterdam-flood-proof-climate-change. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection systemhttps://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/waterway/flood-defence. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructurehttps://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/the-economics-of-managing-heavy-rains-and-stormwater-in-copenhagen-2013-the-cloudburst-management-plan. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot;https://www.nyc.gov/site/sustainability/onenyc/onenyc.page to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project https://www.nbsbangladesh.info/case_study/forest-protected-area-co-management/, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.pub.gov.sg/drainage/floodmanagement The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts.<br /> <br /> '''Sponge Cities, China''' The Sponge City concept is a Chinese urban planning model that relies on natural stormwater management infrastructure, with a focus on flood control and mitigating urban development's impacts on hydrology and ecosystems. https://www.dw.com/en/china-turns-cities-into-sponges-to-stop-flooding/a-61414704<br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=File:Flood_Control.jpg&diff=13938 2023-08-21T15:41:45Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>Flood Control</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13937 2023-08-21T15:18:11Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary=<br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # '''Flood Risk Assessment''': Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy. The flood information can now be integrated in a digital twin based operating system which enables both departmental and public access to information and collaboration. https://opencommons.org/Digital_Twin:_Emergency_Communication_Services.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 1''': ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 2''': ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 3''':''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.https://opencommons.org/Advanced_Flood_Warning_and_Environmental_Awareness <br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.https://opencommons.org/StormSense<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other.https://opencommons.org/Flood_Abatement In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices.https://opencommons.org/Empowering_Ruston_City_Services_Using_Wireless_Sensor_Networks These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.https://opencommons.org/Flood_Judge<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.japan.go.jp/kizuna/2021/01/utilizing_the_citys_underground_spaces.html The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategieshttps://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rotterdam-flood-proof-climate-change. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection systemhttps://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/waterway/flood-defence. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructurehttps://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/the-economics-of-managing-heavy-rains-and-stormwater-in-copenhagen-2013-the-cloudburst-management-plan. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot;https://www.nyc.gov/site/sustainability/onenyc/onenyc.page to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project https://www.nbsbangladesh.info/case_study/forest-protected-area-co-management/, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.pub.gov.sg/drainage/floodmanagement The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts.<br /> <br /> '''Sponge Cities, China''' The Sponge City concept is a Chinese urban planning model that relies on natural stormwater management infrastructure, with a focus on flood control and mitigating urban development's impacts on hydrology and ecosystems. https://www.dw.com/en/china-turns-cities-into-sponges-to-stop-flooding/a-61414704<br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13934 2023-08-07T14:54:45Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The updated online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings KPIs==<br /> <br /> The NIST KPI framework identifies KPIs in three different levels. First is the benefit level, which is what is the outcome of implementing smart buildings. The second level is the infrastructure. which is What are the different functionalities the smart buildings support and finally how are those functionalities supported by the smart technology, be it sensors, or communication networks.<br /> <br /> The following diagram illustrates all the aspects of the smart buildings together, which in detail are explored in the individual section of the blueprint. <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File: Smart buildings KPIs.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings Integrating into a Smart City==<br /> <br /> Smart buildings are integral to the creation of smart cities. They are a fundamental building block of the municipal fabric. They are the connective tissue, linking a municipality and its citizenry by fostering human interaction and by supporting IoT rich environments. <br /> <br /> The same conceptual model of ''the Building as a Service'' and ''Space as a Service'' fits the broader municipal environment of the city or town. Just as today’s architectural and interior design objectives are increasingly forging environments that support and care for the well-being and productivity of their occupants and operators within a building, so too are designers of municipalities and open spaces shifting to see city space as fitting the ''Space as a Service'', or shall we say, the ''Municipality as a Space'' model. This shift in intellectual and architectural frameworks, opens new ways to care for a municipality’s citizens and businesses, and invites new economic development opportunities increasing the quality of life for all connected to that given space. <br /> <br /> When a town or city begins to see an increase in the number of smart buildings, it has the opportunity to start integrating them into the larger municipal infrastructure of systems and services. This scalable, bottom-up approach results in a mesh network of resources not available before and the emergence of a holistic smart city.<br /> <br /> =The Smart City as a Mesh Network=<br /> A way to visualize a smart city is as a distributed, open ''mesh network'' of connected smart buildings. A biophilic analogy is the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1749461312000048 mycorrhizal network] created by roots and fungi that connect individual trees and plants and support the transfer of water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals among them in a mutually supportive way.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Mycorrhizal Network&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:MycorrhizalNetworks.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Mycorrhizal Network'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Similarly, applying biomimicry and leveraging nature’s millions of years of design evolution, an integrated mesh network across buildings allows them individually and, on the city/community level, to generate and take advantage of combined infrastructure and meta behaviors.<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[Image:SmartBuildingsInfrastructureIntegration.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> These new capabilities enable synergistic efficiencies and enhanced resiliency of the city. Some of these capabilities include, but are not limited to: <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Communications Infrastructure&lt;/u&gt;: Expanded communications across the municipality, supporting equal access to all citizens and businesses<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Infrastructure Systems&lt;/u&gt;<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Power Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing local power generating &amp; demand loading; microgrids<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Public Safety&lt;/u&gt;: Advanced warning of various disruptions and events such as flooding, cyber-attacks, civil unrest and enabling autonomous preventative action<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Water Management&lt;/u&gt;: Monitoring clean water delivery; protecting against bad actors<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Quality of Life and Civic Engagement&lt;/u&gt;: Reconfiguration of building facades and mobile structures to form customized local social spaces for a range of events from entertainment and leisure <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Mobility and Traffic Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing ‘last-mile traffic’ flow, anticipating bottlenecks and supporting rerouting and time sequencing of arrivals and deliveries; supporting autonomous vehicles</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13933 2023-08-07T14:53:50Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The updated online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings KPIs==<br /> <br /> The NIST KPI framework identifies KPIs in three different levels. First is the benefit level, which is what is the outcome of implementing smart buildings. The second level is the infrastructure. which is What are the different functionalities the smart buildings support and finally how are those functionalities supported by the smart technology, be it sensors, or communication networks.<br /> The following diagram illustrates all the aspects of the smart buildings together, which in detail are explored in the individual section of the blueprint. <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File: Smart buildings KPIs.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings Integrating into a Smart City==<br /> <br /> Smart buildings are integral to the creation of smart cities. They are a fundamental building block of the municipal fabric. They are the connective tissue, linking a municipality and its citizenry by fostering human interaction and by supporting IoT rich environments. <br /> <br /> The same conceptual model of ''the Building as a Service'' and ''Space as a Service'' fits the broader municipal environment of the city or town. Just as today’s architectural and interior design objectives are increasingly forging environments that support and care for the well-being and productivity of their occupants and operators within a building, so too are designers of municipalities and open spaces shifting to see city space as fitting the ''Space as a Service'', or shall we say, the ''Municipality as a Space'' model. This shift in intellectual and architectural frameworks, opens new ways to care for a municipality’s citizens and businesses, and invites new economic development opportunities increasing the quality of life for all connected to that given space. <br /> <br /> When a town or city begins to see an increase in the number of smart buildings, it has the opportunity to start integrating them into the larger municipal infrastructure of systems and services. This scalable, bottom-up approach results in a mesh network of resources not available before and the emergence of a holistic smart city.<br /> <br /> =The Smart City as a Mesh Network=<br /> A way to visualize a smart city is as a distributed, open ''mesh network'' of connected smart buildings. A biophilic analogy is the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1749461312000048 mycorrhizal network] created by roots and fungi that connect individual trees and plants and support the transfer of water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals among them in a mutually supportive way.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Mycorrhizal Network&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:MycorrhizalNetworks.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Mycorrhizal Network'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Similarly, applying biomimicry and leveraging nature’s millions of years of design evolution, an integrated mesh network across buildings allows them individually and, on the city/community level, to generate and take advantage of combined infrastructure and meta behaviors.<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[Image:SmartBuildingsInfrastructureIntegration.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> These new capabilities enable synergistic efficiencies and enhanced resiliency of the city. Some of these capabilities include, but are not limited to: <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Communications Infrastructure&lt;/u&gt;: Expanded communications across the municipality, supporting equal access to all citizens and businesses<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Infrastructure Systems&lt;/u&gt;<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Power Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing local power generating &amp; demand loading; microgrids<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Public Safety&lt;/u&gt;: Advanced warning of various disruptions and events such as flooding, cyber-attacks, civil unrest and enabling autonomous preventative action<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Water Management&lt;/u&gt;: Monitoring clean water delivery; protecting against bad actors<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Quality of Life and Civic Engagement&lt;/u&gt;: Reconfiguration of building facades and mobile structures to form customized local social spaces for a range of events from entertainment and leisure <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Mobility and Traffic Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing ‘last-mile traffic’ flow, anticipating bottlenecks and supporting rerouting and time sequencing of arrivals and deliveries; supporting autonomous vehicles</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13932 2023-08-07T14:53:14Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The updated online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings KPIs==<br /> <br /> The NIST KPI framework identifies KPIs in three different levels. First is the benefit level, which is what is the outcome of implementing smart buildings. The second level is the infrastructure. which is What are the different functionalities the smart buildings support and finally how are those functionalities supported by the smart technology, be it sensors, or communication networks.<br /> <br /> The following diagram illustrates all the aspects of the smart buildings together, which in detail are explored in the individual section of the blueprint. <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File: Smart buildings KPIs.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings Integrating into a Smart City==<br /> <br /> Smart buildings are integral to the creation of smart cities. They are a fundamental building block of the municipal fabric. They are the connective tissue, linking a municipality and its citizenry by fostering human interaction and by supporting IoT rich environments. <br /> <br /> The same conceptual model of ''the Building as a Service'' and ''Space as a Service'' fits the broader municipal environment of the city or town. Just as today’s architectural and interior design objectives are increasingly forging environments that support and care for the well-being and productivity of their occupants and operators within a building, so too are designers of municipalities and open spaces shifting to see city space as fitting the ''Space as a Service'', or shall we say, the ''Municipality as a Space'' model. This shift in intellectual and architectural frameworks, opens new ways to care for a municipality’s citizens and businesses, and invites new economic development opportunities increasing the quality of life for all connected to that given space. <br /> <br /> When a town or city begins to see an increase in the number of smart buildings, it has the opportunity to start integrating them into the larger municipal infrastructure of systems and services. This scalable, bottom-up approach results in a mesh network of resources not available before and the emergence of a holistic smart city.<br /> <br /> =The Smart City as a Mesh Network=<br /> A way to visualize a smart city is as a distributed, open ''mesh network'' of connected smart buildings. A biophilic analogy is the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1749461312000048 mycorrhizal network] created by roots and fungi that connect individual trees and plants and support the transfer of water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals among them in a mutually supportive way.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Mycorrhizal Network&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:MycorrhizalNetworks.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Mycorrhizal Network'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Similarly, applying biomimicry and leveraging nature’s millions of years of design evolution, an integrated mesh network across buildings allows them individually and, on the city/community level, to generate and take advantage of combined infrastructure and meta behaviors.<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[Image:SmartBuildingsInfrastructureIntegration.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> These new capabilities enable synergistic efficiencies and enhanced resiliency of the city. Some of these capabilities include, but are not limited to: <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Communications Infrastructure&lt;/u&gt;: Expanded communications across the municipality, supporting equal access to all citizens and businesses<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Infrastructure Systems&lt;/u&gt;<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Power Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing local power generating &amp; demand loading; microgrids<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Public Safety&lt;/u&gt;: Advanced warning of various disruptions and events such as flooding, cyber-attacks, civil unrest and enabling autonomous preventative action<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Water Management&lt;/u&gt;: Monitoring clean water delivery; protecting against bad actors<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Quality of Life and Civic Engagement&lt;/u&gt;: Reconfiguration of building facades and mobile structures to form customized local social spaces for a range of events from entertainment and leisure <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Mobility and Traffic Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing ‘last-mile traffic’ flow, anticipating bottlenecks and supporting rerouting and time sequencing of arrivals and deliveries; supporting autonomous vehicles</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13931 2023-08-07T14:52:03Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The updated online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings KPIs==<br /> <br /> The NIST KPI framework identifies KPIs in three different levels. First is the benefit level, which is what is the outcome of implementing smart buildings. The second level is the infrastructure. which is What are the different functionalities the smart buildings support and finally how are those functionalities supported by the smart technology, be it sensors, or communication networks.<br /> <br /> The following diagram illustrates all the aspects of the smart buildings together, which in detail are explored in the individual section of the blueprint. <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File: Smart buildings KPIs.jpg.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings Integrating into a Smart City==<br /> <br /> Smart buildings are integral to the creation of smart cities. They are a fundamental building block of the municipal fabric. They are the connective tissue, linking a municipality and its citizenry by fostering human interaction and by supporting IoT rich environments. <br /> <br /> The same conceptual model of ''the Building as a Service'' and ''Space as a Service'' fits the broader municipal environment of the city or town. Just as today’s architectural and interior design objectives are increasingly forging environments that support and care for the well-being and productivity of their occupants and operators within a building, so too are designers of municipalities and open spaces shifting to see city space as fitting the ''Space as a Service'', or shall we say, the ''Municipality as a Space'' model. This shift in intellectual and architectural frameworks, opens new ways to care for a municipality’s citizens and businesses, and invites new economic development opportunities increasing the quality of life for all connected to that given space. <br /> <br /> When a town or city begins to see an increase in the number of smart buildings, it has the opportunity to start integrating them into the larger municipal infrastructure of systems and services. This scalable, bottom-up approach results in a mesh network of resources not available before and the emergence of a holistic smart city.<br /> <br /> =The Smart City as a Mesh Network=<br /> A way to visualize a smart city is as a distributed, open ''mesh network'' of connected smart buildings. A biophilic analogy is the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1749461312000048 mycorrhizal network] created by roots and fungi that connect individual trees and plants and support the transfer of water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals among them in a mutually supportive way.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Mycorrhizal Network&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:MycorrhizalNetworks.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Mycorrhizal Network'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Similarly, applying biomimicry and leveraging nature’s millions of years of design evolution, an integrated mesh network across buildings allows them individually and, on the city/community level, to generate and take advantage of combined infrastructure and meta behaviors.<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[Image:SmartBuildingsInfrastructureIntegration.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> These new capabilities enable synergistic efficiencies and enhanced resiliency of the city. Some of these capabilities include, but are not limited to: <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Communications Infrastructure&lt;/u&gt;: Expanded communications across the municipality, supporting equal access to all citizens and businesses<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Infrastructure Systems&lt;/u&gt;<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Power Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing local power generating &amp; demand loading; microgrids<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Public Safety&lt;/u&gt;: Advanced warning of various disruptions and events such as flooding, cyber-attacks, civil unrest and enabling autonomous preventative action<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Water Management&lt;/u&gt;: Monitoring clean water delivery; protecting against bad actors<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Quality of Life and Civic Engagement&lt;/u&gt;: Reconfiguration of building facades and mobile structures to form customized local social spaces for a range of events from entertainment and leisure <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Mobility and Traffic Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing ‘last-mile traffic’ flow, anticipating bottlenecks and supporting rerouting and time sequencing of arrivals and deliveries; supporting autonomous vehicles</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=File:Smart_buildings_KPIs.jpg&diff=13930 2023-08-07T14:49:25Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>Smart Building KPIs-Putting it all together.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13929 2023-08-06T21:02:10Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The updated online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings Integrating into a Smart City==<br /> <br /> Smart buildings are integral to the creation of smart cities. They are a fundamental building block of the municipal fabric. They are the connective tissue, linking a municipality and its citizenry by fostering human interaction and by supporting IoT rich environments. <br /> <br /> The same conceptual model of ''the Building as a Service'' and ''Space as a Service'' fits the broader municipal environment of the city or town. Just as today’s architectural and interior design objectives are increasingly forging environments that support and care for the well-being and productivity of their occupants and operators within a building, so too are designers of municipalities and open spaces shifting to see city space as fitting the ''Space as a Service'', or shall we say, the ''Municipality as a Space'' model. This shift in intellectual and architectural frameworks, opens new ways to care for a municipality’s citizens and businesses, and invites new economic development opportunities increasing the quality of life for all connected to that given space. <br /> <br /> When a town or city begins to see an increase in the number of smart buildings, it has the opportunity to start integrating them into the larger municipal infrastructure of systems and services. This scalable, bottom-up approach results in a mesh network of resources not available before and the emergence of a holistic smart city.<br /> <br /> =The Smart City as a Mesh Network=<br /> A way to visualize a smart city is as a distributed, open ''mesh network'' of connected smart buildings. A biophilic analogy is the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1749461312000048 mycorrhizal network] created by roots and fungi that connect individual trees and plants and support the transfer of water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals among them in a mutually supportive way.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Mycorrhizal Network&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:MycorrhizalNetworks.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Mycorrhizal Network'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Similarly, applying biomimicry and leveraging nature’s millions of years of design evolution, an integrated mesh network across buildings allows them individually and, on the city/community level, to generate and take advantage of combined infrastructure and meta behaviors.<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[Image:SmartBuildingsInfrastructureIntegration.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> These new capabilities enable synergistic efficiencies and enhanced resiliency of the city. Some of these capabilities include, but are not limited to: <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Communications Infrastructure&lt;/u&gt;: Expanded communications across the municipality, supporting equal access to all citizens and businesses<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Infrastructure Systems&lt;/u&gt;<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Power Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing local power generating &amp; demand loading; microgrids<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Public Safety&lt;/u&gt;: Advanced warning of various disruptions and events such as flooding, cyber-attacks, civil unrest and enabling autonomous preventative action<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Water Management&lt;/u&gt;: Monitoring clean water delivery; protecting against bad actors<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Quality of Life and Civic Engagement&lt;/u&gt;: Reconfiguration of building facades and mobile structures to form customized local social spaces for a range of events from entertainment and leisure <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Mobility and Traffic Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing ‘last-mile traffic’ flow, anticipating bottlenecks and supporting rerouting and time sequencing of arrivals and deliveries; supporting autonomous vehicles</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13928 2023-08-06T20:53:35Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The updated online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).<br /> <br /> ==Smart Buildings Integrating into a Smart City==<br /> <br /> Smart buildings are integral to the creation of smart cities. They are a fundamental building block of the municipal fabric. They are the connective tissue, linking a municipality and its citizenry by fostering human interaction and by supporting IoT rich environments. <br /> <br /> The same conceptual model of ''the Building as a Service'' and ''Space as a Service'' fits the broader municipal environment of the city or town. Just as today’s architectural and interior design objectives are increasingly forging environments that support and care for the well-being and productivity of their occupants and operators within a building, so too are designers of municipalities and open spaces shifting to see city space as fitting the ''Space as a Service'', or shall we say, the ''Municipality as a Space'' model. This shift in intellectual and architectural frameworks, opens new ways to care for a municipality’s citizens and businesses, and invites new economic development opportunities increasing the quality of life for all connected to that given space. <br /> <br /> When a town or city begins to see an increase in the number of smart buildings, it has the opportunity to start integrating them into the larger municipal infrastructure of systems and services. This scalable, bottom-up approach results in a mesh network of resources not available before and the emergence of a holistic smart city.<br /> <br /> =The Smart City as a Mesh Network=<br /> A way to visualize a smart city is as a distributed, open ''mesh network'' of connected smart buildings. A biophilic analogy is the mycorrhizal network (&lt;xr id=&quot;fig:MycorrhizalNetworks&quot;/&gt;) created by roots and fungi that connect individual trees and plants and support the transfer of water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients and minerals among them in a mutually supportive way.<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Mycorrhizal Network&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:MycorrhizalNetworks.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Mycorrhizal Network'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Similarly, applying biomimicry and leveraging nature’s millions of years of design evolution, an integrated mesh network across buildings allows them individually and, on the city/community level, to generate and take advantage of combined infrastructure and meta behaviors [[#Figure: Mycorrhizal Network]].<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[Image:SmartBuildingsInfrastructureIntegration.png|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Biomimicry and Combined Underlying Infrastructure'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> These new capabilities enable synergistic efficiencies and enhanced resiliency of the city. Some of these capabilities include, but are not limited to: <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Communications Infrastructure&lt;/u&gt;: Expanded communications across the municipality, supporting equal access to all citizens and businesses<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Infrastructure Systems&lt;/u&gt;<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Power Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing local power generating &amp; demand loading; microgrids<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Public Safety&lt;/u&gt;: Advanced warning of various disruptions and events such as flooding, cyber-attacks, civil unrest and enabling autonomous preventative action<br /> ** &lt;u&gt;Water Management&lt;/u&gt;: Monitoring clean water delivery; protecting against bad actors<br /> * &lt;u&gt;Quality of Life and Civic Engagement&lt;/u&gt;: Reconfiguration of building facades and mobile structures to form customized local social spaces for a range of events from entertainment and leisure <br /> * &lt;u&gt;Mobility and Traffic Management&lt;/u&gt;: Optimizing ‘last-mile traffic’ flow, anticipating bottlenecks and supporting rerouting and time sequencing of arrivals and deliveries; supporting autonomous vehicles</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13927 2023-08-06T20:50:26Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.<br /> <br /> The data of digitization flows like lifeblood into systems, thereby enabling these systems, platforms and applications to interact and adapt with one another. In a smart building, this data flow can: support the optimized operations of a building; connect the desires of an occupant with building capabilities to provide a personalized, reconfigurable environment; optimize energy usage or enable energy to flow from one building to another through a microgrid system; provide visibility into occupant location, tracking; and other functions. <br /> <br /> In addition, digitized data brings to life building information models (BIM) used in construction and '''digital twins''' [[CiteRef::DigTwin2023]] (digitized reflections of real-world objects). Digital twins can now be applied to buildings. These high-fidelity building digital twin models present data collected from complex disparate systems which support a building. Two and three-dimensional interfaces and dashboards present the data to show system activity, enabling in-depth review of current status and predictive analysis. Digital twins allow for simulations and “what if” analyses to see optimal approaches for future operations and/or upgrades and augmentations. They are also increasingly being used during architectural design and development, construction, day-to-day operations and maintenance both for individual buildings and across property portfolios. Digital twins are also being used to design, develop and operationalize new city developments for buildings, parks and transportation and related infrastructure (E.g., India, Singapore).</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13926 2023-08-06T20:47:57Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Some examples of the features that can be found in a smart building include:<br /> *'''Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems''': that use sensors and automation to adjust the temperature and air flow to optimize energy efficiency and comfort<br /> *'''Smart lighting systems''': that use sensors and controls to adjust lighting levels in response to changes in ambient light and activity levels, also can be integrated with occupancy sensors to lower energy consumption<br /> *'''Building automation systems''': that use data and automation to control and monitor various systems within the building, such as elevators, security, and fire safety systems<br /> *'''Energy management systems''': that use data and analytics to monitor and optimize the building's energy usage<br /> *'''Connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) technology''': to enable monitoring and control of building systems remotely<br /> *'''Smart metering systems''': that enable real-time monitoring of energy usage and costs<br /> *'''Smart parking systems''': that enable efficient use of parking spaces, by guiding the drivers to the nearest available space, and also can be integrated with parking payment systems.<br /> Smart buildings are designed to be more energy-efficient, comfortable, and convenient for the people who use them. They also can be more resilient and adaptable to changing situations, and can save costs in the long run.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13925 2023-08-06T20:45:36Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> ==Defining the Smart Building==<br /> <br /> A smart building is a building that uses technology and data to improve its energy efficiency, comfort, and functionality including the use of automatic control of the building's operations including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security and other systems, maximizing user comfort while minimizing energy consumption.<br /> <br /> To maximize the opportunity smart building’s offer, it is important to set a foundation of understanding by defining what is a smart building. To that end, the smart building definition and model adopted by the SBSC as a guideline was developed by the [https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Telecommunications Industry Associations (TIA’s) Smart ][https://tiaonline.org/what-we-do/technology/programs/smart-buildings/ Buildings Program]. It defines a smart building as one which “interoperates and integrates systems, technologies and infrastructure to optimize building performance and occupant experience.” This creates the building which integrates and interoperates across fundamental building systems, communications infrastructure, power and energy infrastructure, through the use of data and autonomous, intelligent processing to provide any number of valued services to building owners, operators, occupants and visitors. Further, this smart, integrated system-of-systems built environment serves the needs of these stakeholders in real-time, providing the experience (contextualized data) when, where and how they want it. Now occupants and property owners can make informed decisions of what they want to do in and with that property. Through smart buildings systems and technologies, the property asset now becomes a platform that offers services – it enters the domain of ''Building as a Service'', and ''Space as a Service'' [[#Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service]].<br /> <br /> &lt;span align=&quot;center&quot; id=&quot;Figure: Building as a Service/Space as a Service&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> [[File:SmartBuildingIntegrationEcosystem.jpg|thumb|600px|center|&lt;div style='text-align: center;'&gt;'''Building as a Service/Space as a Service (Source TIA)'''&lt;/div&gt;]]</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13924 2023-08-06T20:41:27Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. <br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__<br /> Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13923 2023-08-06T20:24:38Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13920 2023-08-06T20:10:33Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13919 2023-08-06T20:09:57Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings| Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure| Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings| Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13918 2023-08-06T20:06:41Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_%26_Resilient_Cities |Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Buildings_O%26M|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings|Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure|Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings|Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Smart_Buildings&diff=13917 2023-08-06T20:02:37Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Book<br /> |image=BuildingsChapter.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Jayson Bursill, Christopher Larry<br /> |blueprint=Smart Buildings<br /> |sectors=Smart Buildings<br /> |chapter=190<br /> |summary=Smart Buildings is a fast-developing subject area. Since the writing of the NIST Global City Teams Challenge [[https://opencommons.org/GCTC|GCTC]] Smart Building Supercluster’s “[[Smart_Buildings:_A_Foundation_for_Safe,_Healthy_Resilient_Cities|Smart Buildings Blueprint]]” in 2020 there have been significant advancements in this sector. This led to the need to update the blueprint with the latest information including references to the Smart Building KPIs, based on the NIST “[[https://opencommons.org/File:933286.pdf|Framework for Holistic Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities (H-KPIs)]]” <br /> The online version follows the chapters of the original blueprint. These are:<br /> * [[Smart_Buildings_OM|Smart Buildings O&amp;M]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Organizational_and_Individual_Productivity_and_Wellness_of_Smart_Buildings|Organizational and Individual Productivity and Wellness of Smart Buildings]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Smart_Building-related_Mobility|Smart Building-related Mobility]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Grid-Interactive,_Efficient_and_Connected_Buildings_(GEBs)|Grid-Interactive, Efficient and Connected Buildings (GEBs)]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Interfacing_Smart_Buildings_with_City_Services_and_Infrastructure|Interfacing Smart Buildings with City Services and Infrastructure]]<br /> * [[https://opencommons.org/Cybersecurity_for_Smart_Buildings|Cybersecurity for Smart Buildings]]<br /> <br /> }}__NOTOC__</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13916 2023-08-04T22:13:19Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # '''Flood Risk Assessment''': Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy. The flood information can now be integrated in a digital twin based operating system which enables both departmental and public access to information and collaboration. https://opencommons.org/Digital_Twin:_Emergency_Communication_Services.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 1''': ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 2''': ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 3''':''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.https://opencommons.org/Advanced_Flood_Warning_and_Environmental_Awareness <br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.https://opencommons.org/StormSense<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other.https://opencommons.org/Flood_Abatement In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices.https://opencommons.org/Empowering_Ruston_City_Services_Using_Wireless_Sensor_Networks These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.https://opencommons.org/Flood_Judge<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.japan.go.jp/kizuna/2021/01/utilizing_the_citys_underground_spaces.html The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategieshttps://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rotterdam-flood-proof-climate-change. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection systemhttps://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/waterway/flood-defence. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructurehttps://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/the-economics-of-managing-heavy-rains-and-stormwater-in-copenhagen-2013-the-cloudburst-management-plan. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot;https://www.nyc.gov/site/sustainability/onenyc/onenyc.page to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project https://www.nbsbangladesh.info/case_study/forest-protected-area-co-management/, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.pub.gov.sg/drainage/floodmanagement The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts.<br /> <br /> '''Sponge Cities, China''' The Sponge City concept is a Chinese urban planning model that relies on natural stormwater management infrastructure, with a focus on flood control and mitigating urban development's impacts on hydrology and ecosystems. https://www.dw.com/en/china-turns-cities-into-sponges-to-stop-flooding/a-61414704<br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13915 2023-08-04T21:44:45Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # '''Flood Risk Assessment''': Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 1''': ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 2''': ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 3''':''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.japan.go.jp/kizuna/2021/01/utilizing_the_citys_underground_spaces.html The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategieshttps://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rotterdam-flood-proof-climate-change. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection systemhttps://www.hamburg-port-authority.de/en/waterway/flood-defence. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructurehttps://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/the-economics-of-managing-heavy-rains-and-stormwater-in-copenhagen-2013-the-cloudburst-management-plan. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot;https://www.nyc.gov/site/sustainability/onenyc/onenyc.page to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project https://www.nbsbangladesh.info/case_study/forest-protected-area-co-management/, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding.https://www.pub.gov.sg/drainage/floodmanagement The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts.<br /> <br /> '''Sponge Cities, China''' The Sponge City concept is a Chinese urban planning model that relies on natural stormwater management infrastructure, with a focus on flood control and mitigating urban development's impacts on hydrology and ecosystems. https://www.dw.com/en/china-turns-cities-into-sponges-to-stop-flooding/a-61414704<br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13914 2023-08-04T21:21:18Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # '''Flood Risk Assessment''': Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 1''': ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 2''': ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 3''':''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategies. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection system. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructure. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot; to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts. https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub <br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13913 2023-08-04T21:20:25Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # Flood Risk Assessment: Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 1''': ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 2''': ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements 3''':''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategies. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection system. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructure. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot; to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts. https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub <br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13912 2023-08-04T21:17:57Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # Flood Risk Assessment: Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements''':<br /> * ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas. <br /> * ''Improving Drainage Systems'': Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems. <br /> * ''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategies. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection system. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructure. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot; to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts. https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub <br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13911 2023-08-04T21:15:35Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods-[https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> # Flood Risk Assessment: Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> # '''Infrastructure Improvements''':<br /> ''Flood Barriers and Levees'': Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas.<br /> ''Improving Drainage Systems: Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems.<br /> ''Flood-Resistant Urban Design'': Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help. <br /> # '''Land Use Planning''': Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> # '''Early Warning Systems and Forecasting''': Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction. <br /> # '''Emergency Preparedness''': Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> # '''Education and Awareness''': Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> # '''Building Resilience''': Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> # '''Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance''': Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> * '''Water Level Sensors''': These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> * '''Soil Moisture Sensors''': These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> * '''Rain Gauges''': These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> * '''Hydrological Radar Systems''': These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> * '''Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing''': Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> * '''Internet of Things (IoT) devices''': These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> Several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan''': Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> '''Rotterdam, Netherlands''': Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategies. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> '''Hamburg, Germany''': After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection system. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> '''Copenhagen, Denmark''': Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructure. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot; to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> '''Dhaka, Bangladesh''': Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> '''Singapore''': Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> '''Baltimore''' Baltimore is highly vulnerable to a range of natural hazards, including coastal storms, flooding, extreme heat, and high winds. These types of extreme events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude over the coming years. In 2013, the City of Baltimore developed an integrated All Hazards Mitigation Plan (AHMP) and Climate Adaptation Plan. This Plan, called the Disaster Preparedness and Planning Project (DP3), links research, outreach, and actions to create a comprehensive system for addressing existing and future climate impacts. https://opencommons.org/Baltimore_Community_Resilience_Hub <br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13910 2023-08-04T20:54:55Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> 1. Flood Risk Assessment: Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> 2. Infrastructure Improvements:<br /> Flood Barriers and Levees: Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas.<br /> <br /> Improving Drainage Systems: Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems.<br /> <br /> Flood-Resistant Urban Design: Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help.<br /> <br /> 3. Land Use Planning: Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> <br /> 4. Early Warning Systems and Forecasting: Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction.<br /> <br /> 5. Emergency Preparedness: Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> <br /> 6. Education and Awareness: Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> <br /> 7. Building Resilience: Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> <br /> 8. Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance: Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning== <br /> <br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> <br /> Water Level Sensors: These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> <br /> Soil Moisture Sensors: These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> <br /> Rain Gauges: These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> <br /> Hydrological Radar Systems: These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> <br /> Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing: Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> <br /> Internet of Things (IoT) devices: These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:== <br /> several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> Rotterdam, Netherlands: Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategies. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> Hamburg, Germany: After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection system. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> Copenhagen, Denmark: Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructure. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> New York City, USA: After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot; to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> Singapore: Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13909 2023-08-04T20:50:37Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==<br /> <br /> Reducing flooding in urban areas is an urgent task to reduce vulnerability for many cities and communities given the increasing frequency and intensity of floods as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies around prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery to mitigate flooding that cities can consider:<br /> <br /> 1. Flood Risk Assessment:<br /> Performing an in-depth risk assessment to identify the most vulnerable areas in the city. Understanding which neighbourhoods, infrastructures, and communities are at the greatest risk is the first step in developing a targeted, effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> <br /> 2. Infrastructure Improvements:<br /> <br /> Flood Barriers and Levees: Erecting flood walls, levees, or dykes in strategic areas to physically prevent floodwaters from reaching vulnerable areas.<br /> Improving Drainage Systems: Enhancing the capacity of the city's drainage systems to handle increased rainfall. This might include widening and deepening drainage channels, installing additional storm drains, or implementing more advanced solutions such as smart, real-time controlled drainage systems.<br /> Flood-Resistant Urban Design: Incorporating green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and open spaces that can absorb rainwater and slow its journey to the river, reducing flood risk. Using permeable materials for pavements and other surfaces to allow water to seep through can also help.<br /> 3. Land Use Planning:<br /> Integrating flood risk into city planning can effectively mitigate future flood damage. This may include stricter zoning laws for flood-prone areas, preventing new construction in high-risk areas, and creating buffer zones along water bodies.<br /> <br /> 4. Early Warning Systems and Forecasting:<br /> Developing advanced flood forecasting systems and disseminating warnings in a timely manner to allow residents and authorities enough time to react. This includes investing in monitoring equipment, as well as software systems for data analysis and prediction.<br /> <br /> 5. Emergency Preparedness:<br /> Developing comprehensive emergency response plans and regularly conducting drills so that citizens and authorities know what to do in the event of a flood. This includes evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and stockpiling necessary supplies.<br /> <br /> 6. Education and Awareness:<br /> Educating the community about the risks of flooding and how to respond can greatly reduce the impact. This might include distributing information about flood risks, conducting workshops, and promoting flood insurance.<br /> <br /> 7. Building Resilience:<br /> Encouraging the construction of flood-resistant buildings in flood-prone areas, retrofitting existing structures to withstand floods, and using materials that dry out and clean easily.<br /> <br /> 8. Post-Flood Recovery and Insurance:<br /> Implementing policies that facilitate quick and efficient recovery after a flood event. This includes providing insurance coverage and financial assistance for affected individuals and businesses, as well as implementing repair and rebuilding guidelines that will reduce the vulnerability of buildings to future floods.<br /> <br /> It is important to note that these strategies should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the local context, including the city's geography, climate, built environment, social structures, and more. A multi-stakeholder approach, including citizens, government agencies, private sector, NGOs, and academics, can ensure a more effective flood resilience strategy.<br /> Alarm systems and sensors technologies for flood warning <br /> ChatGPT<br /> There are several types of alarm systems and sensor technologies that are used to provide early warnings for flooding. Here are some of them:<br /> <br /> Water Level Sensors: These are placed in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or dams to monitor the water levels. When the water level rises beyond a certain threshold, the sensor triggers an alarm.<br /> <br /> Soil Moisture Sensors: These sensors are placed underground and are used to detect the moisture content in the soil. If the soil becomes overly saturated, indicating a potential flood, the sensor sends an alert.<br /> <br /> Rain Gauges: These devices measure the amount of rainfall in a specific area. If the rain gauge measures a high amount of rainfall in a short period, it can alert to the potential for flooding.<br /> <br /> Hydrological Radar Systems: These use radar technology to track rainfall intensity and movement. These systems are particularly useful in predicting flash floods.<br /> <br /> Satellite Imagery and Remote Sensing: Satellites can provide large-scale views of weather patterns, river levels, and overall soil moisture. While not an &quot;alarm&quot; in the traditional sense, this technology plays a significant role in early flood detection and warning.<br /> <br /> Internet of Things (IoT) devices: These are devices that can be connected to the internet and can share data with each other. In the context of flood detection, IoT devices could include water level sensors, rainfall gauges, and other such devices. These can send real-time data to a central system that analyzes the information and sends out alerts when necessary.<br /> <br /> All these technologies can be combined for a more accurate prediction and warning system. The data gathered from these sources is often fed into predictive models that use machine learning and AI algorithms to predict when and where floods might occur, providing early warnings to potentially affected areas.<br /> <br /> ===Case Studies:== <br /> several cities around the world have implemented successful tools and strategies to reduce the impacts of flooding. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo has implemented an extensive system of underground stormwater tanks and drainage channels to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes green infrastructure, such as green roofs and permeable pavements, to absorb excess water.<br /> <br /> Rotterdam, Netherlands: Rotterdam is well-known for its innovative water management strategies. The city has created water squares and reservoirs to store excess rainwater during heavy rainfall. Additionally, they have implemented smart water management systems that use real-time data to monitor and control water levels.<br /> <br /> Hamburg, Germany: After experiencing severe floods in 1962 and 1976, Hamburg developed an extensive flood protection system. The city constructed flood barriers and dykes, as well as improving river and tidal defenses.<br /> <br /> Copenhagen, Denmark: Copenhagen has implemented a combination of traditional flood defenses and green infrastructure. The city utilizes urban green spaces, green roofs, and permeable surfaces to retain rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding.<br /> <br /> New York City, USA: After the devastating effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York City implemented a comprehensive plan called &quot;OneNYC&quot; to address future flooding risks. The plan includes flood barriers, coastal defenses, and improved stormwater management systems.<br /> <br /> Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka has faced significant challenges due to monsoon floods and rising sea levels. To mitigate the impacts, the city has implemented a &quot;Floating Garden&quot; project, which involves building gardens on floating beds made of water hyacinths. These gardens help absorb floodwaters and reduce the risk of inundation.<br /> <br /> Singapore: Singapore has a comprehensive drainage system that includes canals, underground storage tanks, and detention ponds to manage heavy rainfall and prevent urban flooding. The city also promotes the use of rainwater harvesting and green infrastructure.<br /> <br /> It's important to note that each city faces unique challenges, and successful flood management strategies may differ based on geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, since my knowledge is up to September 2021, there might be more recent developments and examples of cities implementing flood management strategies beyond that date.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13908 2023-08-04T20:36:02Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> <br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> <br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> <br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13907 2023-08-04T20:34:23Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> <br /> '''Areas exposed to flooding'''-'' Metric: (ha)'' Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies==</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13906 2023-08-04T20:30:01Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods==<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> Areas exposed to flooding Metric: (ha) Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13905 2023-08-04T20:28:17Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods===<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> Areas exposed to flooding Metric: (ha) Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13904 2023-08-04T20:26:29Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |imagecaption=Floods<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sector=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> <br /> |summary===Floods===<br /> <br /> The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions. Warmer temperatures increase evaporation, putting more moisture into the atmosphere that then gets released as rain or snowfall. It is also expected that, as the climate warms, flash floods will get “flashier,” meaning that the timing of the floods will get shorter while the magnitude gets higher.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> For the cities and communities affected by flooding the prime concerns are multifaceted. The most obvious is the physical safety of the population. Rapidly rising waters can endanger lives, especially if floods strike with little warning. The dangers are not only during the event but also afterwards, due to potentially hazardous materials brought in or spread by the floodwaters. <br /> Flooding can lead to soil erosion and loss of habitats, potentially endangering local ecosystems and biodiversity.<br /> Sustained flooding and repeated inundation can cause serious damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities, hampering transport, the supply of essentials, and emergency response capabilities. Frequent floods can render some areas unsuitable for housing. This could lead to the displacement of residents, who may face difficulties in finding new homes and jobs. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home or livelihood can have serious mental health impacts on affected individuals. Flooding can disrupt local businesses, causing economic damage and job losses. Damage to agricultural land can also impact the food supply.<br /> There is also a danger to public health. Flood waters often contain hazardous materials, which can pose a public health risk. Moreover, standing water after a flood can become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease vectors.<br /> In light of these concerns, it's vital to develop and implement comprehensive flood risk management strategies, which could include infrastructure improvements, zoning changes, flood warning systems, community education, and measures to mitigate the impact of climate change.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Floods- KPIs https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf==<br /> <br /> '''Total Precipitation''' - ''Metric: (days)'' is the most obvious indicator of the amount of rain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global total precipitation. The USGS national Water Data System https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis also provides access to real-time water data. EPA Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding examines changes in the size and frequency of inland river flood events in the United States as well as coastal flooding https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-coastal-flooding .<br /> <br /> '''Flood Peak Height'''-''Metric: (Height and time to flood peak)'' The peak flow is the maximum value of the flowrate due to a given rain event. Peak flow variation is defined by the relative error in peak flow between the peak flow of the catchment where the project intervention is located and the peak flow of a catchment without the intervention. This indicator can be calculated as the average value of a sample of peak flows deduced from a rain/runoff time series (typically one year) and may be obtained with observed runoff or simulated runoff. <br /> <br /> '''Stormwater run-off'''- ''Metric: ( mm/%)'' A significant consequence of impermeable surfaces in urban areas is greater runoff, which can also lead to flooding. . Many factors are affecting the quantity of surface runoff, including soil characteristics, land use and vegetative cover, hillslope, and storm properties such as rainfall duration, amount, and intensity. Different methods for quantifying runoff include direct measurement, the curve number method, the rational method, the use of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, and process-based hydraulic modelling. <br /> <br /> '''WDT - Water Detention Time'''-'' Metric: (hr)'' can measure increased infiltration. The detention time corresponds to the theoretically calculated time required for a given amount of water to flow from a given area to another area at a given flow rate. <br /> Areas exposed to flooding Metric: (ha) Flood maps and monitoring data such as the EPA Climate Change Indicators can identify areas affected by flooding.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Floods&diff=13903 2023-08-04T20:13:55Z

<p>Jskopek: Created page with &quot;{{Infobox project |image=Floods.jpg |imagecaption=Floods |team-members=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold |poc=Jiri Skopek |location_city=everywhere |status=Developm...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox project<br /> |image=Floods.jpg<br /> |imagecaption=Floods<br /> |team-members=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |location_city=everywhere<br /> |status=Development<br /> |sector=Buildings<br /> |chapter=Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> |summary=The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions.<br /> }}</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=File:Floods.jpg&diff=13902 2023-08-04T20:07:07Z

<p>Jskopek: The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions.</p> <hr /> <div>The intensity of extreme rainfall has “sharply” increased over the past 20 years. While floods can be more regional in nature, satellite data show hydroclimatic extreme events are increasing in frequency, duration, and extent under warming conditions.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Public_Safety-Resilience_and_Regeneration_of_Communities&diff=13792 2023-07-26T14:46:32Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=DesertSun.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sectors=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> |summary===Extreme heat==<br /> Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate. <br /> <br /> The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.<br /> <br /> In the next sections, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify and implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Heat- [https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Temperature'''- ''Metric: (°C/°F)'' is the most obvious indicator of the warming planet. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global temperature variation. Since the dawn of the industrial age the global average temperature had risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The consequences of this warming include more frequent and intense heatwaves and changes in weather patterns.<br /> Mean or peak daytime temperature Metric: Mean or peak daytime local temperature by direct measurement, PET calculation or modelling (°C), or by PMV-PPD calculation (unitless value) Green urban infrastructure can significantly affect climate change adaptation by reducing air and surface temperatures with the help of shading and through increased evapotranspiration. Conversely, green urban infrastructure can also provide insulation from cold and/or shelter from wind, thereby reducing heating requirements. By moderating the urban microclimate, green infrastructure can support a reduction in energy use and improved thermal comfort. <br /> <br /> '''Heatwave Risk''' ''Metric: number of combined hot nights (&gt;20°C) and hot days (&gt;35°C)'' Heatwave is a period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected. Heatwaves can be characterized by low humidity, which may exacerbate drought, or high humidity, which may exacerbate the health effects of heat-related stress such as heat exhaustion, dehydration and heatstroke. Heatwaves in Europe are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase average summer temperatures and the frequency and intensity of hot days.<br /> <br /> '''Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect''' ''Metric: (°C/°F)'' This indicator focuses on the urban heat island (UHI) effect, wherein a significant difference is observed in air temperature between the city and its surroundings. The UHI effect is caused by the absorption of sunlight by (stony) materials, reduced evaporation and the emission of heat caused by human activities. The UHI effect is greatest after sunset and reported to reach up to 9°C in some cities, e.g., Rotterdam.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies.==<br /> <br /> Reducing extreme heat and heatwaves in urban areas is an urgent task for many cities and communities given the increasing intensity of heatwaves as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies cities can consider:<br /> <br /> * '''Urban Greening:''' Increasing the number of trees, plants, and green spaces in a city can help to reduce temperatures. This is because vegetation reduces heat through a process known as &quot;evapotranspiration” and provides shade that cools the surrounding areas. Additionally, green roofs and walls can be used to cool buildings and further reduce temperatures. Urban forests also contribute to carbon sequestration, thus mitigating climate change.<br /> * '''Urban Planning and Design:''' Implement strategies to reduce the heat island effect. This includes constructing buildings with cool or green roofs, using lighter-coloured materials in pavements and other urban infrastructure to reflect more sunlight, and ensuring that buildings are adequately spaced to allow for airflow.<br /> * '''Water Features:''' The introduction of water features such as ponds, fountains, and artificial lakes can help to reduce urban heat through evaporative cooling.<br /> * '''Improved Building Design:''' Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings can reduce the need for air conditioning, which is a significant contributor to urban heat. Passive cooling strategies such as natural ventilation, shading, and insulation can be very effective in this regard.<br /> * '''Community Education and Behavior Change:''' Educating residents about the impacts of heatwaves and how to stay cool can help to mitigate the health impacts of extreme heat. Encouraging behavioral changes such as reducing energy use during peak times can also help to reduce heat production.<br /> * '''Infrastructure Adaptation:''' Adopting heat-resilient infrastructure such as thermally comfortable public transportation, cooling centers, and shaded public spaces can protect vulnerable populations during heatwaves.<br /> * '''Early Warning Systems and Heat-Health Action Plans:''' Implementing robust heat-health warning systems can alert the public when heatwaves are expected, allowing them to take precautions. These systems need to be linked to heat-health action plans that detail how to respond to these warnings.<br /> * '''Climate-sensitive Urban Development:''' New development projects must take into consideration future climate conditions including rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves.<br /> * '''Engagement with stakeholders:''' Partnering with local communities, businesses, non-profits, and other stakeholders to implement these measures can ensure they are successful and tailored to local needs.<br /> * '''Policy Interventions:''' City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.<br /> <br /> It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for warning about extreme heat==<br /> <br /> Extreme heat warning systems typically involve a combination of meteorological equipment and data analysis to predict high-temperature events. They are typically larger-scale systems employed by meteorological institutions. Here are the primary types of systems:<br /> # ''Weather Stations:'' They play a crucial role in detecting environmental changes, including temperature. They are equipped with various sensors to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and more.<br /> # ''Remote Sensing Systems:'' Satellites equipped with thermal sensors can monitor the Earth's surface temperature and other climatic parameters. These systems can provide comprehensive, global coverage, enabling scientists to identify potential heatwaves.<br /> # ''Heat Health Warning Systems (HHWS)'': These systems use weather forecast data to predict upcoming periods of extreme heat that could have impacts on human health. HHWS can issue warnings several days in advance of a heat event, allowing authorities to take action to protect vulnerable populations.<br /> # ''Automated Weather Sensors:'' These are designed to capture weather data at frequent intervals and transmit the data to a central system for analysis. This can include temperature data that is used to forecast heatwaves.<br /> # ''Internet of Things (IoT) Devices:'' These devices can help monitor and control the indoor environment. For instance, smart thermostats can detect high temperatures and adjust accordingly to ensure a comfortable indoor climate.<br /> # ''Weather Apps and Notifications:'' Many smartphone applications use meteorological data to provide users with timely alerts about extreme weather conditions, including extreme heat.<br /> # ''Environmental Monitoring Systems:'' These systems monitor various environmental factors, including temperature, in sensitive areas like data centers, manufacturing plants, and warehouses. When the temperature exceeds a set threshold, the system can trigger an alarm or notification.<br /> <br /> Extreme heat warning systems are often part of a larger environmental monitoring effort that includes monitoring other meteorological phenomena, and extreme heat warnings often rely on accurate weather forecasting models as well. Response to these warnings often involves community-based heatwave action plans, especially in areas that are prone to high temperatures.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:==<br /> <br /> Several cities worldwide have successfully used tools and implemented strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heat and heat waves. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> San Francisco ''[Https://onesanfrancisco.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/HAQR-230522.pdf|thumb|The Heat and Air Quality Resilience Plan (HAQP)]. It establishes a framework to address current local extreme heat and wildfire smoke events while preparing for future ones. It is the first comprehensive approach to identify and address the public health and infrastructure impacts of extreme heat and wildfire smoke. Foundational to the approach is an understanding that these health impacts are inequitably distributed.<br /> <br /> '''[https://healthydesign.city/ Healthy Design City']'' is a [https://healthyplan.city/en digital tool] that draws on robust open-source datasets to provide nationally-consistent indicators of tree cover and health and equitability at a neighbourhood level of the urban built environments across Canada.data on in Canadian cities <br /> <br /> '''Melbourne, Australia:''' Melbourne has an ''[https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/greening-the-city/urban-forest/Pages/urban-forest.aspx Urban Forest Strategy]'' aiming to double the tree canopy cover to 40% by 2040. The city also has a Cooling Melbourne Strategy to help tackle increasing heatwaves, focusing on creating green and cool roofs, walls, and facades, increasing urban forests, and using water-sensitive urban design for cooling.<br /> <br /> '''Stuttgart, Germany:''' Stuttgart has developed a sophisticated system of ''&quot;[[“https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/climate-analysis-map-for-the”|climate maps]]&quot;'' and &quot;climate function maps&quot; to inform urban planning. This includes creating wind corridors to improve airflow and reduce heat build-up, and preserving and creating green spaces for cooling.<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan:''' Tokyo introduced the ''&quot;[https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/about_us/videos_documents/documents_1.files/green_building.pdf#:~:text=The%20Tokyo%20Green%20Building%20Program%20is%20designed%20to,environment%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cmitigation%20of%20the%20heat%20island%20phenomenon.%E2%80%9D Tokyo Green Building Program]&quot;''requiring all large new buildings to install green roofs, solar panels, or other heat-reducing features. The city is also expanding its urban green spaces and street trees.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': The NYC ''[https://climate.cityofnewyork.us/initiatives/nyc-cool-roofs/ CoolRoofs]''initiative encourages building owners to coat their rooftops with a white, reflective surface to reduce building temperatures. The city's OneNYC 2050 strategy aims to have a park within walking distance of every resident, further contributing to urban cooling. New York also has an extensive network of cooling centers for use during extreme heat events. Sign in to NYC Mayor's Office of Resiliency<br /> <br /> '''Paris, France:''' After the deadly 2003 heatwave, Paris developed an ambitious ''[https://cdn.paris.fr/paris/2022/06/14/9210a17b1eb1af3bd13c4b0401c005e1.pdf adaptation strategy]'' which includes creating green roofs and walls, planting trees, and redesigning public spaces to include more vegetation and shade. It also has a comprehensive Heatwave Plan that includes warning systems and cooling centers.<br /> <br /> '''Ahmedabad, India:''' In response to a heatwave that claimed over a thousand lives in 2010, Ahmedabad developed a ''[https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Ahmedabad-Heat-Action-Plan-2019?language=en_US Heat Action Plan]'', which is now a model for other Indian cities. The plan includes an early warning system, public awareness campaigns, and a coordinated inter-agency response plan.<br /> <br /> '''Chicago, USA:''' Chicago has one of the most extensive ''[Https://inhabitat.com/chicago-green-roof-program|thumb|green roof program]'' in the U.S., including a green roof on City Hall. The city's climate action plan also emphasizes the importance of increasing tree canopy and green spaces.<br /> <br /> These examples show how cities of different sizes and climates can implement strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heatwaves. Each city has unique circumstances and capacities, so strategies should be tailored to local conditions and needs.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=Public_Safety-Resilience_and_Regeneration_of_Communities&diff=13791 2023-07-26T14:45:41Z

<p>Jskopek: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> |image=DesertSun.jpg<br /> |poc=Jiri Skopek<br /> |authors=Jiri Skopek, Charles Kelley, Wilfred Pinfold<br /> |blueprint=Public Safety<br /> |sectors=Buildings, Public Safety<br /> |summary===Extreme heat==<br /> Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.<br /> }}<br /> __NOTOC__ <br /> Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate. <br /> <br /> The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.<br /> <br /> In the next sections, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify and implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.<br /> <br /> ==Monitoring and Benchmarking Extreme Heat- [https://unalab.eu/system/files/2020-02/d31-nbs-performance-and-impact-monitoring-report2020-02-17.pdf KPIs]==<br /> <br /> '''Temperature'''- ''Metric: (°C/°F)'' is the most obvious indicator of the warming planet. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/mapping provides detailed information on both local and global temperature variation. Since the dawn of the industrial age the global average temperature had risen by approximately 1.1 degrees Celsius (about 2 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The consequences of this warming include more frequent and intense heatwaves and changes in weather patterns.<br /> Mean or peak daytime temperature Metric: Mean or peak daytime local temperature by direct measurement, PET calculation or modelling (°C), or by PMV-PPD calculation (unitless value) Green urban infrastructure can significantly affect climate change adaptation by reducing air and surface temperatures with the help of shading and through increased evapotranspiration. Conversely, green urban infrastructure can also provide insulation from cold and/or shelter from wind, thereby reducing heating requirements. By moderating the urban microclimate, green infrastructure can support a reduction in energy use and improved thermal comfort. <br /> <br /> '''Heatwave Risk''' ''Metric: number of combined hot nights (&gt;20°C) and hot days (&gt;35°C)'' Heatwave is a period of prolonged abnormally high surface temperatures relative to those normally expected. Heatwaves can be characterized by low humidity, which may exacerbate drought, or high humidity, which may exacerbate the health effects of heat-related stress such as heat exhaustion, dehydration and heatstroke. Heatwaves in Europe are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, climate change is expected to increase average summer temperatures and the frequency and intensity of hot days.<br /> <br /> '''Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect''' ''Metric: (°C/°F)'' This indicator focuses on the urban heat island (UHI) effect, wherein a significant difference is observed in air temperature between the city and its surroundings. The UHI effect is caused by the absorption of sunlight by (stony) materials, reduced evaporation and the emission of heat caused by human activities. The UHI effect is greatest after sunset and reported to reach up to 9°C in some cities, e.g., Rotterdam.<br /> <br /> ==Strategies.==<br /> <br /> Reducing extreme heat and heatwaves in urban areas is an urgent task for many cities and communities given the increasing intensity of heatwaves as a result of climate change. Below are some strategies cities can consider:<br /> <br /> * '''Urban Greening:''' Increasing the number of trees, plants, and green spaces in a city can help to reduce temperatures. This is because vegetation reduces heat through a process known as &quot;evapotranspiration” and provides shade that cools the surrounding areas. Additionally, green roofs and walls can be used to cool buildings and further reduce temperatures. Urban forests also contribute to carbon sequestration, thus mitigating climate change.<br /> * '''Urban Planning and Design:''' Implement strategies to reduce the heat island effect. This includes constructing buildings with cool or green roofs, using lighter-coloured materials in pavements and other urban infrastructure to reflect more sunlight, and ensuring that buildings are adequately spaced to allow for airflow.<br /> Water Features: The introduction of water features such as ponds, fountains, and artificial lakes can help to reduce urban heat through evaporative cooling.<br /> * '''Improved Building Design:''' Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings can reduce the need for air conditioning, which is a significant contributor to urban heat. Passive cooling strategies such as natural ventilation, shading, and insulation can be very effective in this regard.<br /> * '''Community Education and Behavior Change:''' Educating residents about the impacts of heatwaves and how to stay cool can help to mitigate the health impacts of extreme heat. Encouraging behavioral changes such as reducing energy use during peak times can also help to reduce heat production.<br /> * '''Infrastructure Adaptation:''' Adopting heat-resilient infrastructure such as thermally comfortable public transportation, cooling centers, and shaded public spaces can protect vulnerable populations during heatwaves.<br /> * '''Early Warning Systems and Heat-Health Action Plans:''' Implementing robust heat-health warning systems can alert the public when heatwaves are expected, allowing them to take precautions. These systems need to be linked to heat-health action plans that detail how to respond to these warnings.<br /> * '''Climate-sensitive Urban Development:''' New development projects must take into consideration future climate conditions including rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves.<br /> * '''Engagement with stakeholders:''' Partnering with local communities, businesses, non-profits, and other stakeholders to implement these measures can ensure they are successful and tailored to local needs.<br /> * '''Policy Interventions:''' City governments can implement a range of policy interventions to promote these strategies, such as requiring green roofs on new buildings, offering incentives for energy-efficient design, or creating zoning laws that promote the creation of green spaces.<br /> <br /> It is important to take a holistic approach to reducing urban heat, as these strategies can often have additional benefits such as improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and improving residents' well-being.<br /> <br /> ==Alarm systems and sensors technologies for warning about extreme heat==<br /> <br /> Extreme heat warning systems typically involve a combination of meteorological equipment and data analysis to predict high-temperature events. They are typically larger-scale systems employed by meteorological institutions. Here are the primary types of systems:<br /> # ''Weather Stations:'' They play a crucial role in detecting environmental changes, including temperature. They are equipped with various sensors to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and more.<br /> # ''Remote Sensing Systems:'' Satellites equipped with thermal sensors can monitor the Earth's surface temperature and other climatic parameters. These systems can provide comprehensive, global coverage, enabling scientists to identify potential heatwaves.<br /> # ''Heat Health Warning Systems (HHWS)'': These systems use weather forecast data to predict upcoming periods of extreme heat that could have impacts on human health. HHWS can issue warnings several days in advance of a heat event, allowing authorities to take action to protect vulnerable populations.<br /> # ''Automated Weather Sensors:'' These are designed to capture weather data at frequent intervals and transmit the data to a central system for analysis. This can include temperature data that is used to forecast heatwaves.<br /> # ''Internet of Things (IoT) Devices:'' These devices can help monitor and control the indoor environment. For instance, smart thermostats can detect high temperatures and adjust accordingly to ensure a comfortable indoor climate.<br /> # ''Weather Apps and Notifications:'' Many smartphone applications use meteorological data to provide users with timely alerts about extreme weather conditions, including extreme heat.<br /> # ''Environmental Monitoring Systems:'' These systems monitor various environmental factors, including temperature, in sensitive areas like data centers, manufacturing plants, and warehouses. When the temperature exceeds a set threshold, the system can trigger an alarm or notification.<br /> <br /> Extreme heat warning systems are often part of a larger environmental monitoring effort that includes monitoring other meteorological phenomena, and extreme heat warnings often rely on accurate weather forecasting models as well. Response to these warnings often involves community-based heatwave action plans, especially in areas that are prone to high temperatures.<br /> <br /> ==Case Studies:==<br /> <br /> Several cities worldwide have successfully used tools and implemented strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heat and heat waves. Here are some examples:<br /> <br /> San Francisco ''[Https://onesanfrancisco.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/HAQR-230522.pdf|thumb|The Heat and Air Quality Resilience Plan (HAQP)]. It establishes a framework to address current local extreme heat and wildfire smoke events while preparing for future ones. It is the first comprehensive approach to identify and address the public health and infrastructure impacts of extreme heat and wildfire smoke. Foundational to the approach is an understanding that these health impacts are inequitably distributed.<br /> <br /> '''[https://healthydesign.city/ Healthy Design City']'' is a [https://healthyplan.city/en digital tool] that draws on robust open-source datasets to provide nationally-consistent indicators of tree cover and health and equitability at a neighbourhood level of the urban built environments across Canada.data on in Canadian cities <br /> <br /> '''Melbourne, Australia:''' Melbourne has an ''[https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/greening-the-city/urban-forest/Pages/urban-forest.aspx Urban Forest Strategy]'' aiming to double the tree canopy cover to 40% by 2040. The city also has a Cooling Melbourne Strategy to help tackle increasing heatwaves, focusing on creating green and cool roofs, walls, and facades, increasing urban forests, and using water-sensitive urban design for cooling.<br /> <br /> '''Stuttgart, Germany:''' Stuttgart has developed a sophisticated system of ''&quot;[[“https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/climate-analysis-map-for-the”|climate maps]]&quot;'' and &quot;climate function maps&quot; to inform urban planning. This includes creating wind corridors to improve airflow and reduce heat build-up, and preserving and creating green spaces for cooling.<br /> <br /> '''Tokyo, Japan:''' Tokyo introduced the ''&quot;[https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/about_us/videos_documents/documents_1.files/green_building.pdf#:~:text=The%20Tokyo%20Green%20Building%20Program%20is%20designed%20to,environment%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cmitigation%20of%20the%20heat%20island%20phenomenon.%E2%80%9D Tokyo Green Building Program]&quot;''requiring all large new buildings to install green roofs, solar panels, or other heat-reducing features. The city is also expanding its urban green spaces and street trees.<br /> <br /> '''New York City, USA''': The NYC ''[https://climate.cityofnewyork.us/initiatives/nyc-cool-roofs/ CoolRoofs]''initiative encourages building owners to coat their rooftops with a white, reflective surface to reduce building temperatures. The city's OneNYC 2050 strategy aims to have a park within walking distance of every resident, further contributing to urban cooling. New York also has an extensive network of cooling centers for use during extreme heat events. Sign in to NYC Mayor's Office of Resiliency<br /> <br /> '''Paris, France:''' After the deadly 2003 heatwave, Paris developed an ambitious ''[https://cdn.paris.fr/paris/2022/06/14/9210a17b1eb1af3bd13c4b0401c005e1.pdf adaptation strategy]'' which includes creating green roofs and walls, planting trees, and redesigning public spaces to include more vegetation and shade. It also has a comprehensive Heatwave Plan that includes warning systems and cooling centers.<br /> <br /> '''Ahmedabad, India:''' In response to a heatwave that claimed over a thousand lives in 2010, Ahmedabad developed a ''[https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Ahmedabad-Heat-Action-Plan-2019?language=en_US Heat Action Plan]'', which is now a model for other Indian cities. The plan includes an early warning system, public awareness campaigns, and a coordinated inter-agency response plan.<br /> <br /> '''Chicago, USA:''' Chicago has one of the most extensive ''[Https://inhabitat.com/chicago-green-roof-program|thumb|green roof program]'' in the U.S., including a green roof on City Hall. The city's climate action plan also emphasizes the importance of increasing tree canopy and green spaces.<br /> <br /> These examples show how cities of different sizes and climates can implement strategies to reduce the impacts of extreme heatwaves. Each city has unique circumstances and capacities, so strategies should be tailored to local conditions and needs.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=City_Resilience&diff=13784 2023-07-25T22:36:58Z

<p>Jskopek: Undo revision 13751 by Jskopek (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> | Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> | sectors = Extreme Heat<br /> | authors = Jiri Skopek<br /> | poc = Jiri Skopek<br /> | email = jiri@skopek.ca<br /> | image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg<br /> | summary = The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.<br /> }}<br /> However, developing a technology strategy for enhancing the resilience of a community or region involves<br /> more than focusing on disaster response or recovery (or disaster resistance, as it is sometimes called), or<br /> even on the single issue of public safety as traditionally defined. A holistic appro ach to resilience and<br /> community sustainability involves the broad spectrum of human activities and interactions within the<br /> community as the sum of relationships between four interconnected systems:<br /> #The natural environment of geography, climate and weather;<br /> #The built environment of the city habitat, its engineered systems, and physical infrastructure;<br /> #The social environment of human population, communities and socio-economic activities; and<br /> #An information ecosystem that provides the means for understanding, interacting with, and managing the relationships between the natural, built, and human environments.<br /> As the nation and its communities become more connected, networked, and technologically<br /> sophisticated, new challenges and opportunities arise that demand a rethinking of current approaches to<br /> public safety and emergency management. An integrated approach to city and community resilience holds<br /> the potential to greatly enhance overall public safety, emergency response, and disaster recovery, while<br /> addressing new and emerging threats to public safety and security.<br /> <br /> Community resilience-building is effectively an aspect of mitigation planning. Figure 12 illustrates the<br /> range and relationships among the hazards that community resilience programs in the public safety arena<br /> may need to address.<br /> <br /> [[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg|center|1000px|thumb|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]<br /> <br /> After nearly a decade of research, planning, policy development, and implementation, there is no<br /> shortage of models, frameworks, and guidance documents for developing and establishing a community<br /> resilience program. (By way of example, simply conduct an online search for “community resilience<br /> frameworks,” or “smart city.”) Widely accepted strategies include [[Media:43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030]] or [[Media:City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf|Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities program]].<br /> <br /> Resilience as defined by the Sendai Framework is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed<br /> to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard<br /> in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its Essential basic<br /> structures and functions through risk management. Increasingly, in the context of cities resilience is<br /> framed around the ability to withstand and bounce back from both acute shocks (natural and manmade)<br /> such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wild-fires, chemical spills, power outages, as well as chronic<br /> stresses occurring over longer time scales, such as groundwater depletion or deforestation, or socio-economic issues such as homelessness and unemployment.<br /> <br /> The United Nations Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities is a recommended starting point for cities to<br /> self-assess their preparedness. This Scorecard is structured around the “Ten Essentials for Making Cities<br /> Resilient”, first developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, and then updated to<br /> support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030.<br /> <br /> [[File:10 essentials image.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Figure 13: The Ten Essentials of Making Cities Resilient from the Sendai Framework]]<br /> <br /> As shown in Figure 13, the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient offer a broad coverage of the many issues cities need to address to become more disaster resilient:<br /> *Essentials 1-3 cover governance and financial capacity;<br /> *Essentials 4-8 cover the many dimensions of planning and disaster preparation;<br /> *Essentials 9-10 cover the disaster response itself and post-event recovery.<br /> =Planning Strategies=<br /> A city is a system of systems, with each of those systems (e.g. communications, water, sanitation, energy,<br /> healthcare, welfare, law and order, education, businesses, social and neighborhood systems) potentially<br /> having separate owners and stakeholders. Resilience needs consideration within and across each of these<br /> systems and therefore can only be achieved through effective collaboration.<br /> <br /> A range of actors —whether government, private business, community groups, academic institutions,<br /> other organizations or individuals—have roles to play in maintaining and improving city resilience. Ideally,<br /> local government authorities (which often have the best convening power) should take the lead in<br /> conducting the assessments of the Scorecard. A multi -stakeholder dialogue and approach between key<br /> city stakeholders will be necessary to complete the Scorecard, and is essential in the push towards more<br /> resilient cities.<br /> <br /> Local governments that have used the Scorecard have found it useful at a range of levels:<br /> *As a high-level survey, often via a 1 or 2-day workshop – this can be supported by questionnaires that participants fill out in advance. Sometimes an average or consensus score is applied at the level of each of the “Ten Essentials,” rather than for each individual criteria / assessment;<br /> *As a limited exercise focusing on some individual Essentials, to create an in-depth review of some specific aspects of resilience, e.g. community-level preparedness;<br /> *As a detailed review of the city’s entire resilience position, likely to take one to several months to complete.<br /> *In light of user feedback, the Scorecard now offers the potential for scoring at two levels:<br /> **Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multi-stakeholder workshop. In total, there are 47 questions / indicators, each with a 0 – 3 score;<br /> **Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0 – 5. Note that the criterion in the detailed assessment may serve as helpful discussion prompts for a preliminary level workshop.<br /> <br /> Some intentional overlap exists between the preliminary and detailed assessments. [[Media:UNDRR_Disaster resilience%20 scorecard for cities_Detailed_English.pdf|Cities completing the<br /> detailed assessment]] should find it easier if they have already completed the preliminary. The detailed<br /> assessment is designed to build on the preliminary, but prompts deeper thought, review and consultation.<br /> <br /> While the Scorecard aims to be systematic, individual scores may unavoidably be subjective –<br /> use judgment to decide which scores apply most closely to your level of disaster resilience.<br /> Recording your justification for each evaluation score will enable validation, as well as future<br /> revisions and tracking of progress;<br /> *Disaster risk reduction and building resilience needs to be a collaborative effort. Some aspects of disaster resilience may not be under the control of local governments (for example, the city’s electricity supply or phone system may be operated by a separate agency or private utility, or there may be a provincial or neighboring government that also needs to be involved). The Scorecard should be completed in consultation with these other organizations. The consultation process will also help to engage and build understanding, ownership and alignment with these other organizations;<br /> *Consulting citizen groups as you complete the Scorecard will improve the validity of your results;<br /> *Being as accurate and realistic as possible will help identify areas of vulnerability, enabling their prioritization for attention and funding;<br /> *The Scorecard may not address all the disaster resilience issues facing your city. If in doubt, take advice from an expert in risk management or another relevant discipline.<br /> *The Scorecard provides an aspirational definition of disaster resilience – it is unlikely that any city will score maximum points, and most will not score more than 50%. The intention of the Scorecard is to guide cities towards improved disaster risk reduction, and to challenge complacency.<br /> *The scores are not normative and therefore not comparable across different cities. The Scorecard was not designed to facilitate competition between cities, but to identify and promote sharing of knowledge.<br /> =Considerations for Technology Development and Insertion=<br /> The challenges or threats to public safety and security depicted in Figure 12 offer opportunities for introducing technology advancements to improve the resilience and sustainability of the overa ll community ecosystem. RDT&amp;E of advanced technologies would, for example, include such priorities as:<br /> *Design and integration of intelligent infrastructure—including embedded sensors, IoT, wireless information technologies, and real-time data capture and analysis;<br /> *Improvements in environmental monitoring and predictive analytics that could contribute to public health monitoring, as well as the monitoring of geological and environmental conditions;<br /> *Resilient infrastructure design with emphasis on electrical grid and telecommunications systems that can sustain public communications and connectivity during emergencies and disasters;<br /> *Enhanced data analytics leading to better modeling and display of decision-making within multi-agency and multi-disciplinary team systems, that are appropriate to Blue-Sky city management and daily operations, but which can transition seamlessly to high-criticality decision-making under the stress of Dark-Sky disasters and civil emergencies.<br /> <br /> In this regard, the technology development projects within GCTC member communities exemplify the<br /> range of technologies and concepts with potential for improving the overall community resilience.<br /> Currently, the SuperClusters are organized into five areas of research and development for technology<br /> insertion:<br /> *Transportation<br /> *Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)<br /> *City Data Platform<br /> *Public Wireless / Broadband<br /> *Cybersecurity and Privacy<br /> *Public Safety<br /> *Agriculture and Rural<br /> *Smart Buildings<br /> *Education<br /> *Health and Thriving Communities<br /> Collectively, these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city and technology developer teams,<br /> and a portfolio of over 130 Smart City Applications, each of which contributes to some aspect of improving<br /> the resilience, health, safety, or quality of life within a connected community.<br /> <br /> The next section offers a general approach for designing and implementing a Smart Public Safety Program<br /> within a Smart and Connected Community. Like this Blueprint, itself, the approach is based on the initial<br /> work of the PSSC during its first year, and will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities<br /> and Action Clusters, based on the real-world experience of developing, piloting, and implementing smart<br /> technology applications for public safety, disaster response and recovery, and community resilience.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=City_Resilience&diff=13783 2023-07-25T22:36:17Z

<p>Jskopek: Undo revision 13752 by Jskopek (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> | Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> | sectors = Extreme Heat<br /> | authors = Jiri Skopek<br /> | poc = Jiri Skopek<br /> | email = jiri@skopek.ca<br /> | image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg<br /> | summary = The previous chapter focused on technology development to support whole community planning for disaster recovery, with emphasis on the requirements for multi-agency planning and decision -making involving an entire community and its physical, economic, and social resources. Technology development strategies to enhance City (or Community) Resilience are closely aligned with capabilities for disaster recovery, insofar as they involve the entire scope of community functions.<br /> }}<br /> Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.<br /> Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate. <br /> The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.<br /> In the next sections, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify and implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg|center|1000px|thumb|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]<br /> <br /> After nearly a decade of research, planning, policy development, and implementation, there is no<br /> shortage of models, frameworks, and guidance documents for developing and establishing a community<br /> resilience program. (By way of example, simply conduct an online search for “community resilience<br /> frameworks,” or “smart city.”) Widely accepted strategies include [[Media:43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030]] or [[Media:City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf|Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities program]].<br /> <br /> Resilience as defined by the Sendai Framework is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed<br /> to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard<br /> in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its Essential basic<br /> structures and functions through risk management. Increasingly, in the context of cities resilience is<br /> framed around the ability to withstand and bounce back from both acute shocks (natural and manmade)<br /> such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wild-fires, chemical spills, power outages, as well as chronic<br /> stresses occurring over longer time scales, such as groundwater depletion or deforestation, or socio-economic issues such as homelessness and unemployment.<br /> <br /> The United Nations Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities is a recommended starting point for cities to<br /> self-assess their preparedness. This Scorecard is structured around the “Ten Essentials for Making Cities<br /> Resilient”, first developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, and then updated to<br /> support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030.<br /> <br /> [[File:10 essentials image.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Figure 13: The Ten Essentials of Making Cities Resilient from the Sendai Framework]]<br /> <br /> As shown in Figure 13, the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient offer a broad coverage of the many issues cities need to address to become more disaster resilient:<br /> *Essentials 1-3 cover governance and financial capacity;<br /> *Essentials 4-8 cover the many dimensions of planning and disaster preparation;<br /> *Essentials 9-10 cover the disaster response itself and post-event recovery.<br /> =Planning Strategies=<br /> A city is a system of systems, with each of those systems (e.g. communications, water, sanitation, energy,<br /> healthcare, welfare, law and order, education, businesses, social and neighborhood systems) potentially<br /> having separate owners and stakeholders. Resilience needs consideration within and across each of these<br /> systems and therefore can only be achieved through effective collaboration.<br /> <br /> A range of actors —whether government, private business, community groups, academic institutions,<br /> other organizations or individuals—have roles to play in maintaining and improving city resilience. Ideally,<br /> local government authorities (which often have the best convening power) should take the lead in<br /> conducting the assessments of the Scorecard. A multi -stakeholder dialogue and approach between key<br /> city stakeholders will be necessary to complete the Scorecard, and is essential in the push towards more<br /> resilient cities.<br /> <br /> Local governments that have used the Scorecard have found it useful at a range of levels:<br /> *As a high-level survey, often via a 1 or 2-day workshop – this can be supported by questionnaires that participants fill out in advance. Sometimes an average or consensus score is applied at the level of each of the “Ten Essentials,” rather than for each individual criteria / assessment;<br /> *As a limited exercise focusing on some individual Essentials, to create an in-depth review of some specific aspects of resilience, e.g. community-level preparedness;<br /> *As a detailed review of the city’s entire resilience position, likely to take one to several months to complete.<br /> *In light of user feedback, the Scorecard now offers the potential for scoring at two levels:<br /> **Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multi-stakeholder workshop. In total, there are 47 questions / indicators, each with a 0 – 3 score;<br /> **Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0 – 5. Note that the criterion in the detailed assessment may serve as helpful discussion prompts for a preliminary level workshop.<br /> <br /> Some intentional overlap exists between the preliminary and detailed assessments. [[Media:UNDRR_Disaster resilience%20 scorecard for cities_Detailed_English.pdf|Cities completing the<br /> detailed assessment]] should find it easier if they have already completed the preliminary. The detailed<br /> assessment is designed to build on the preliminary, but prompts deeper thought, review and consultation.<br /> <br /> While the Scorecard aims to be systematic, individual scores may unavoidably be subjective –<br /> use judgment to decide which scores apply most closely to your level of disaster resilience.<br /> Recording your justification for each evaluation score will enable validation, as well as future<br /> revisions and tracking of progress;<br /> *Disaster risk reduction and building resilience needs to be a collaborative effort. Some aspects of disaster resilience may not be under the control of local governments (for example, the city’s electricity supply or phone system may be operated by a separate agency or private utility, or there may be a provincial or neighboring government that also needs to be involved). The Scorecard should be completed in consultation with these other organizations. The consultation process will also help to engage and build understanding, ownership and alignment with these other organizations;<br /> *Consulting citizen groups as you complete the Scorecard will improve the validity of your results;<br /> *Being as accurate and realistic as possible will help identify areas of vulnerability, enabling their prioritization for attention and funding;<br /> *The Scorecard may not address all the disaster resilience issues facing your city. If in doubt, take advice from an expert in risk management or another relevant discipline.<br /> *The Scorecard provides an aspirational definition of disaster resilience – it is unlikely that any city will score maximum points, and most will not score more than 50%. The intention of the Scorecard is to guide cities towards improved disaster risk reduction, and to challenge complacency.<br /> *The scores are not normative and therefore not comparable across different cities. The Scorecard was not designed to facilitate competition between cities, but to identify and promote sharing of knowledge.<br /> =Considerations for Technology Development and Insertion=<br /> The challenges or threats to public safety and security depicted in Figure 12 offer opportunities for introducing technology advancements to improve the resilience and sustainability of the overa ll community ecosystem. RDT&amp;E of advanced technologies would, for example, include such priorities as:<br /> *Design and integration of intelligent infrastructure—including embedded sensors, IoT, wireless information technologies, and real-time data capture and analysis;<br /> *Improvements in environmental monitoring and predictive analytics that could contribute to public health monitoring, as well as the monitoring of geological and environmental conditions;<br /> *Resilient infrastructure design with emphasis on electrical grid and telecommunications systems that can sustain public communications and connectivity during emergencies and disasters;<br /> *Enhanced data analytics leading to better modeling and display of decision-making within multi-agency and multi-disciplinary team systems, that are appropriate to Blue-Sky city management and daily operations, but which can transition seamlessly to high-criticality decision-making under the stress of Dark-Sky disasters and civil emergencies.<br /> <br /> In this regard, the technology development projects within GCTC member communities exemplify the<br /> range of technologies and concepts with potential for improving the overall community resilience.<br /> Currently, the SuperClusters are organized into five areas of research and development for technology<br /> insertion:<br /> *Transportation<br /> *Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)<br /> *City Data Platform<br /> *Public Wireless / Broadband<br /> *Cybersecurity and Privacy<br /> *Public Safety<br /> *Agriculture and Rural<br /> *Smart Buildings<br /> *Education<br /> *Health and Thriving Communities<br /> Collectively, these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city and technology developer teams,<br /> and a portfolio of over 130 Smart City Applications, each of which contributes to some aspect of improving<br /> the resilience, health, safety, or quality of life within a connected community.<br /> <br /> The next section offers a general approach for designing and implementing a Smart Public Safety Program<br /> within a Smart and Connected Community. Like this Blueprint, itself, the approach is based on the initial<br /> work of the PSSC during its first year, and will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities<br /> and Action Clusters, based on the real-world experience of developing, piloting, and implementing smart<br /> technology applications for public safety, disaster response and recovery, and community resilience.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=City_Resilience&diff=13782 2023-07-25T22:36:01Z

<p>Jskopek: Undo revision 13753 by Jskopek (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> | Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> | sectors = Extreme Heat<br /> | authors = Jiri Skopek<br /> | poc = Jiri Skopek<br /> | email = jiri@skopek.ca<br /> | image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg<br /> | summary = heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.<br /> }}<br /> Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme <br /> Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate. <br /> <br /> The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.<br /> <br /> In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg|center|1000px|thumb|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]<br /> <br /> After nearly a decade of research, planning, policy development, and implementation, there is no<br /> shortage of models, frameworks, and guidance documents for developing and establishing a community<br /> resilience program. (By way of example, simply conduct an online search for “community resilience<br /> frameworks,” or “smart city.”) Widely accepted strategies include [[Media:43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030]] or [[Media:City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf|Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities program]].<br /> <br /> Resilience as defined by the Sendai Framework is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed<br /> to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard<br /> in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its Essential basic<br /> structures and functions through risk management. Increasingly, in the context of cities resilience is<br /> framed around the ability to withstand and bounce back from both acute shocks (natural and manmade)<br /> such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wild-fires, chemical spills, power outages, as well as chronic<br /> stresses occurring over longer time scales, such as groundwater depletion or deforestation, or socio-economic issues such as homelessness and unemployment.<br /> <br /> The United Nations Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities is a recommended starting point for cities to<br /> self-assess their preparedness. This Scorecard is structured around the “Ten Essentials for Making Cities<br /> Resilient”, first developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, and then updated to<br /> support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030.<br /> <br /> [[File:10 essentials image.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Figure 13: The Ten Essentials of Making Cities Resilient from the Sendai Framework]]<br /> <br /> As shown in Figure 13, the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient offer a broad coverage of the many issues cities need to address to become more disaster resilient:<br /> *Essentials 1-3 cover governance and financial capacity;<br /> *Essentials 4-8 cover the many dimensions of planning and disaster preparation;<br /> *Essentials 9-10 cover the disaster response itself and post-event recovery.<br /> =Planning Strategies=<br /> A city is a system of systems, with each of those systems (e.g. communications, water, sanitation, energy,<br /> healthcare, welfare, law and order, education, businesses, social and neighborhood systems) potentially<br /> having separate owners and stakeholders. Resilience needs consideration within and across each of these<br /> systems and therefore can only be achieved through effective collaboration.<br /> <br /> A range of actors —whether government, private business, community groups, academic institutions,<br /> other organizations or individuals—have roles to play in maintaining and improving city resilience. Ideally,<br /> local government authorities (which often have the best convening power) should take the lead in<br /> conducting the assessments of the Scorecard. A multi -stakeholder dialogue and approach between key<br /> city stakeholders will be necessary to complete the Scorecard, and is essential in the push towards more<br /> resilient cities.<br /> <br /> Local governments that have used the Scorecard have found it useful at a range of levels:<br /> *As a high-level survey, often via a 1 or 2-day workshop – this can be supported by questionnaires that participants fill out in advance. Sometimes an average or consensus score is applied at the level of each of the “Ten Essentials,” rather than for each individual criteria / assessment;<br /> *As a limited exercise focusing on some individual Essentials, to create an in-depth review of some specific aspects of resilience, e.g. community-level preparedness;<br /> *As a detailed review of the city’s entire resilience position, likely to take one to several months to complete.<br /> *In light of user feedback, the Scorecard now offers the potential for scoring at two levels:<br /> **Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multi-stakeholder workshop. In total, there are 47 questions / indicators, each with a 0 – 3 score;<br /> **Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0 – 5. Note that the criterion in the detailed assessment may serve as helpful discussion prompts for a preliminary level workshop.<br /> <br /> Some intentional overlap exists between the preliminary and detailed assessments. [[Media:UNDRR_Disaster resilience%20 scorecard for cities_Detailed_English.pdf|Cities completing the<br /> detailed assessment]] should find it easier if they have already completed the preliminary. The detailed<br /> assessment is designed to build on the preliminary, but prompts deeper thought, review and consultation.<br /> <br /> While the Scorecard aims to be systematic, individual scores may unavoidably be subjective –<br /> use judgment to decide which scores apply most closely to your level of disaster resilience.<br /> Recording your justification for each evaluation score will enable validation, as well as future<br /> revisions and tracking of progress;<br /> *Disaster risk reduction and building resilience needs to be a collaborative effort. Some aspects of disaster resilience may not be under the control of local governments (for example, the city’s electricity supply or phone system may be operated by a separate agency or private utility, or there may be a provincial or neighboring government that also needs to be involved). The Scorecard should be completed in consultation with these other organizations. The consultation process will also help to engage and build understanding, ownership and alignment with these other organizations;<br /> *Consulting citizen groups as you complete the Scorecard will improve the validity of your results;<br /> *Being as accurate and realistic as possible will help identify areas of vulnerability, enabling their prioritization for attention and funding;<br /> *The Scorecard may not address all the disaster resilience issues facing your city. If in doubt, take advice from an expert in risk management or another relevant discipline.<br /> *The Scorecard provides an aspirational definition of disaster resilience – it is unlikely that any city will score maximum points, and most will not score more than 50%. The intention of the Scorecard is to guide cities towards improved disaster risk reduction, and to challenge complacency.<br /> *The scores are not normative and therefore not comparable across different cities. The Scorecard was not designed to facilitate competition between cities, but to identify and promote sharing of knowledge.<br /> =Considerations for Technology Development and Insertion=<br /> The challenges or threats to public safety and security depicted in Figure 12 offer opportunities for introducing technology advancements to improve the resilience and sustainability of the overa ll community ecosystem. RDT&amp;E of advanced technologies would, for example, include such priorities as:<br /> *Design and integration of intelligent infrastructure—including embedded sensors, IoT, wireless information technologies, and real-time data capture and analysis;<br /> *Improvements in environmental monitoring and predictive analytics that could contribute to public health monitoring, as well as the monitoring of geological and environmental conditions;<br /> *Resilient infrastructure design with emphasis on electrical grid and telecommunications systems that can sustain public communications and connectivity during emergencies and disasters;<br /> *Enhanced data analytics leading to better modeling and display of decision-making within multi-agency and multi-disciplinary team systems, that are appropriate to Blue-Sky city management and daily operations, but which can transition seamlessly to high-criticality decision-making under the stress of Dark-Sky disasters and civil emergencies.<br /> <br /> In this regard, the technology development projects within GCTC member communities exemplify the<br /> range of technologies and concepts with potential for improving the overall community resilience.<br /> Currently, the SuperClusters are organized into five areas of research and development for technology<br /> insertion:<br /> *Transportation<br /> *Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)<br /> *City Data Platform<br /> *Public Wireless / Broadband<br /> *Cybersecurity and Privacy<br /> *Public Safety<br /> *Agriculture and Rural<br /> *Smart Buildings<br /> *Education<br /> *Health and Thriving Communities<br /> Collectively, these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city and technology developer teams,<br /> and a portfolio of over 130 Smart City Applications, each of which contributes to some aspect of improving<br /> the resilience, health, safety, or quality of life within a connected community.<br /> <br /> The next section offers a general approach for designing and implementing a Smart Public Safety Program<br /> within a Smart and Connected Community. Like this Blueprint, itself, the approach is based on the initial<br /> work of the PSSC during its first year, and will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities<br /> and Action Clusters, based on the real-world experience of developing, piloting, and implementing smart<br /> technology applications for public safety, disaster response and recovery, and community resilience.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=City_Resilience&diff=13781 2023-07-25T22:35:32Z

<p>Jskopek: Undo revision 13754 by Jskopek (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> | Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> | sectors = Extreme Heat<br /> | authors = Jiri Skopek<br /> | poc = Jiri Skopek<br /> | email = jiri@skopek.ca<br /> | image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg<br /> | summary = Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.<br /> }}<br /> Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme <br /> Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate. <br /> <br /> The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.<br /> <br /> In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework).jpeg|center|1000px|thumb|Figure 12. Examples of Threats and Hazards Facing Communities (DHS National Mitigation Framework)]]<br /> <br /> After nearly a decade of research, planning, policy development, and implementation, there is no<br /> shortage of models, frameworks, and guidance documents for developing and establishing a community<br /> resilience program. (By way of example, simply conduct an online search for “community resilience<br /> frameworks,” or “smart city.”) Widely accepted strategies include [[Media:43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf|Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030]] or [[Media:City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf|Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities program]].<br /> <br /> Resilience as defined by the Sendai Framework is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed<br /> to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard<br /> in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its Essential basic<br /> structures and functions through risk management. Increasingly, in the context of cities resilience is<br /> framed around the ability to withstand and bounce back from both acute shocks (natural and manmade)<br /> such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wild-fires, chemical spills, power outages, as well as chronic<br /> stresses occurring over longer time scales, such as groundwater depletion or deforestation, or socio-economic issues such as homelessness and unemployment.<br /> <br /> The United Nations Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities is a recommended starting point for cities to<br /> self-assess their preparedness. This Scorecard is structured around the “Ten Essentials for Making Cities<br /> Resilient”, first developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005, and then updated to<br /> support implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030.<br /> <br /> [[File:10 essentials image.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Figure 13: The Ten Essentials of Making Cities Resilient from the Sendai Framework]]<br /> <br /> As shown in Figure 13, the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient offer a broad coverage of the many issues cities need to address to become more disaster resilient:<br /> *Essentials 1-3 cover governance and financial capacity;<br /> *Essentials 4-8 cover the many dimensions of planning and disaster preparation;<br /> *Essentials 9-10 cover the disaster response itself and post-event recovery.<br /> =Planning Strategies=<br /> A city is a system of systems, with each of those systems (e.g. communications, water, sanitation, energy,<br /> healthcare, welfare, law and order, education, businesses, social and neighborhood systems) potentially<br /> having separate owners and stakeholders. Resilience needs consideration within and across each of these<br /> systems and therefore can only be achieved through effective collaboration.<br /> <br /> A range of actors —whether government, private business, community groups, academic institutions,<br /> other organizations or individuals—have roles to play in maintaining and improving city resilience. Ideally,<br /> local government authorities (which often have the best convening power) should take the lead in<br /> conducting the assessments of the Scorecard. A multi -stakeholder dialogue and approach between key<br /> city stakeholders will be necessary to complete the Scorecard, and is essential in the push towards more<br /> resilient cities.<br /> <br /> Local governments that have used the Scorecard have found it useful at a range of levels:<br /> *As a high-level survey, often via a 1 or 2-day workshop – this can be supported by questionnaires that participants fill out in advance. Sometimes an average or consensus score is applied at the level of each of the “Ten Essentials,” rather than for each individual criteria / assessment;<br /> *As a limited exercise focusing on some individual Essentials, to create an in-depth review of some specific aspects of resilience, e.g. community-level preparedness;<br /> *As a detailed review of the city’s entire resilience position, likely to take one to several months to complete.<br /> *In light of user feedback, the Scorecard now offers the potential for scoring at two levels:<br /> **Level 1: Preliminary level, responding to key Sendai Framework targets and indicators, and with some critical sub-questions. This approach is suggested for use in a 1 to 2-day city multi-stakeholder workshop. In total, there are 47 questions / indicators, each with a 0 – 3 score;<br /> **Level 2: Detailed assessment. This approach is a multi-stakeholder exercise that may take 1–4 months and can be a basis for a detailed city resilience action plan. The detailed assessment includes 117 indicator criteria, each with a score of 0 – 5. Note that the criterion in the detailed assessment may serve as helpful discussion prompts for a preliminary level workshop.<br /> <br /> Some intentional overlap exists between the preliminary and detailed assessments. [[Media:UNDRR_Disaster resilience%20 scorecard for cities_Detailed_English.pdf|Cities completing the<br /> detailed assessment]] should find it easier if they have already completed the preliminary. The detailed<br /> assessment is designed to build on the preliminary, but prompts deeper thought, review and consultation.<br /> <br /> While the Scorecard aims to be systematic, individual scores may unavoidably be subjective –<br /> use judgment to decide which scores apply most closely to your level of disaster resilience.<br /> Recording your justification for each evaluation score will enable validation, as well as future<br /> revisions and tracking of progress;<br /> *Disaster risk reduction and building resilience needs to be a collaborative effort. Some aspects of disaster resilience may not be under the control of local governments (for example, the city’s electricity supply or phone system may be operated by a separate agency or private utility, or there may be a provincial or neighboring government that also needs to be involved). The Scorecard should be completed in consultation with these other organizations. The consultation process will also help to engage and build understanding, ownership and alignment with these other organizations;<br /> *Consulting citizen groups as you complete the Scorecard will improve the validity of your results;<br /> *Being as accurate and realistic as possible will help identify areas of vulnerability, enabling their prioritization for attention and funding;<br /> *The Scorecard may not address all the disaster resilience issues facing your city. If in doubt, take advice from an expert in risk management or another relevant discipline.<br /> *The Scorecard provides an aspirational definition of disaster resilience – it is unlikely that any city will score maximum points, and most will not score more than 50%. The intention of the Scorecard is to guide cities towards improved disaster risk reduction, and to challenge complacency.<br /> *The scores are not normative and therefore not comparable across different cities. The Scorecard was not designed to facilitate competition between cities, but to identify and promote sharing of knowledge.<br /> =Considerations for Technology Development and Insertion=<br /> The challenges or threats to public safety and security depicted in Figure 12 offer opportunities for introducing technology advancements to improve the resilience and sustainability of the overa ll community ecosystem. RDT&amp;E of advanced technologies would, for example, include such priorities as:<br /> *Design and integration of intelligent infrastructure—including embedded sensors, IoT, wireless information technologies, and real-time data capture and analysis;<br /> *Improvements in environmental monitoring and predictive analytics that could contribute to public health monitoring, as well as the monitoring of geological and environmental conditions;<br /> *Resilient infrastructure design with emphasis on electrical grid and telecommunications systems that can sustain public communications and connectivity during emergencies and disasters;<br /> *Enhanced data analytics leading to better modeling and display of decision-making within multi-agency and multi-disciplinary team systems, that are appropriate to Blue-Sky city management and daily operations, but which can transition seamlessly to high-criticality decision-making under the stress of Dark-Sky disasters and civil emergencies.<br /> <br /> In this regard, the technology development projects within GCTC member communities exemplify the<br /> range of technologies and concepts with potential for improving the overall community resilience.<br /> Currently, the SuperClusters are organized into five areas of research and development for technology<br /> insertion:<br /> *Transportation<br /> *Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)<br /> *City Data Platform<br /> *Public Wireless / Broadband<br /> *Cybersecurity and Privacy<br /> *Public Safety<br /> *Agriculture and Rural<br /> *Smart Buildings<br /> *Education<br /> *Health and Thriving Communities<br /> Collectively, these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city and technology developer teams,<br /> and a portfolio of over 130 Smart City Applications, each of which contributes to some aspect of improving<br /> the resilience, health, safety, or quality of life within a connected community.<br /> <br /> The next section offers a general approach for designing and implementing a Smart Public Safety Program<br /> within a Smart and Connected Community. Like this Blueprint, itself, the approach is based on the initial<br /> work of the PSSC during its first year, and will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities<br /> and Action Clusters, based on the real-world experience of developing, piloting, and implementing smart<br /> technology applications for public safety, disaster response and recovery, and community resilience.</div>

Jskopek https://opencommons.org/index.php?title=City_Resilience&diff=13780 2023-07-25T22:35:02Z

<p>Jskopek: Undo revision 13755 by Jskopek (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>{{Chapter<br /> | Public Safety-Resilience and Regeneration of Communities<br /> | sectors = Extreme Heat<br /> | authors = Jiri Skopek<br /> | poc = Jiri Skopek<br /> | email = jiri@skopek.ca<br /> | image = https://opencommons.org/images/e/ec/Extreme_heat.jpg<br /> | summary = Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme heat events have severe impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, human health, and economies. These heatwaves are not only a consequence of escalating global temperatures, but they also symbolize an acute emergency for urban environments worldwide In several locations the extreme heat is exacerbated by poor air quality caused by smoke from wildfires.<br /> }}<br /> Extreme heat and heatwaves are becoming a significant concern for many world cities and communities, and it's rapidly worsening due to the impact of climate change. Extreme <br /> Urban areas, characterized by their dense populations and significant infrastructural development, have become epicenters for extreme heat impacts. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, wherein the lack of vegetation and high prevalence of heat-absorbing materials lead to significantly warmer conditions in cities compared to their rural surroundings. The interplay of climate change, urbanization, and socio-economic factors means that heat risks in cities are escalating at an alarming rate. <br /> <br /> The consequences of increasing urban heat are manifold and far-reaching. heatwaves pose considerable threats to urban infrastructure, disrupting essential services, exacerbating energy demands, and straining resources. Simultaneously, health concerns range from heat stress and heat-related illnesses to exacerbated chronic conditions and increased mortality rates. The ripple effects of extreme heat events can thus perpetuate socio-economic disparities, destabilize local economies, and compromise overall urban sustainability.<br /> <br /> In this section, we will show how to identify the severity of extreme heat events and identify how to implement actionable adaptive and mitigative strategies to reduce risk and increase resilience. We will present case studies from cities across the globe, demonstrating the universal nature of this crisis and the range of strategies combining infrastructural changes, policy interventions, technological advancements, and community engagement currently being deployed.<br /> <br /> <br /> *Transportation<br /> *Utilities (Energy/Water/Waste Management)<br /> *City Data Platform<br /> *Public Wireless / Broadband<br /> *Cybersecurity and Privacy<br /> *Public Safety<br /> *Agriculture and Rural<br /> *Smart Buildings<br /> *Education<br /> *Health and Thriving Communities<br /> Collectively, these SuperClusters represented over 120 participating city and technology developer teams,<br /> and a portfolio of over 130 Smart City Applications, each of which contributes to some aspect of improving<br /> the resilience, health, safety, or quality of life within a connected community.<br /> <br /> The next section offers a general approach for designing and implementing a Smart Public Safety Program<br /> within a Smart and Connected Community. Like this Blueprint, itself, the approach is based on the initial<br /> work of the PSSC during its first year, and will be expanded with input from PSSC member communities<br /> and Action Clusters, based on the real-world experience of developing, piloting, and implementing smart<br /> technology applications for public safety, disaster response and recovery, and community resilience.</div>

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